How to solve

$($c$)$

$p$

$q$

:$.$pharrq

$($d$)$

$pvvq$

$\frac{\text{n}\text{o}\text{t}\text{q}}{\text{:}.\text{p}\text{h}\text{a}\text{r}\text{r}\text{q}}$

$($e$)$

$\frac{(p^{{?}^{?}}q)r}{\text{:}.(pvvq)r}$

$($f$)$

$\frac{(pvvq)r}{\text{:}.(p^{{?}^{?}}q)r}$