Hyman J. The importance of assessing confounding and effect modication in research involving periodontal disease and systemic

Hyman J. The importance of assessing confounding and effect modification in research involving periodontal disease and systemic diseases. J Clin Periodontol 2006; 33: 102–103

1. How are these two articles useful/informative? How will you apply the concept(s) from these papers in your respective field of study?

2. Data from many countries indicate that biological sex, specifically being male, is a risk factor for increased risk of coronavirus infection. Please consider the role of cigarette smoke in this association based on your readings of these two articles.

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