Question: i have a systematic review on gender differences in maths i need to discuss bias of the following papers. What is the risk of Bias

i have a systematic review on gender differences in maths i need to discuss bias of the following papers.

What is the risk of Bias of the following papers? and how should i put it in a table?

paper one:

Do Students' STEM Skill Levels Affect Their Math and Science Achievement?

paper two:

Secondary School Students' Basic STEM Skill Levels according to their Self-Perceptions: A Scale Adaptation

paper three:

Gender differences in mathematics achievement: A secondary analysis of Programme for International Student Assessment data from Shanghai

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