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library(sleuth3)

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Perry Preschool Project Results at Age 4i]. As discussed in Exercise 4, researchers in the mid-1960s identied 123 lowincome. African-American children who were thought to be at high risk of school failure and randomly assigned 58 of them to participate in a highquality preschool program at ages 3 and 4; the remaining 65 received no preschool education. l[Cine hundred nineteen of the study subjects were available for reinterview at age 4D. The following two tables show results on two of the variables considered: Arrested 5 or more Made annual income of times by age 40 $20K or more by age 40 No Yes No Yes No Preschool 23 35 33 25 Preschool 36 20 22 34 Assess the evidence for an effect of preschool on these two variables and report the estimated odds ratios for 5 or more arrests and for annual income of $243K or more. (Note: Although the authors reported that random assignment was used. there was, in fact, some switching of groups after the initial assignment. For example, children placed in the preschool group were switched to the control group iftheir mothers could not transport them to preschool. Although the authors defend the results as just as good as if random assignment was made, the failure to follow through with exact randomizationeven though it may have been unavoidablecauses a necessary extra debate about the causal conclusions from this study.) Reference: E,\" L' Perry Preschool Project. In a 1962 social e:-(pen'ment1 123 3- and 4-yearold children from poverty-level families in Ypsilanti, Michigan, were randomly assigned either to a treatment group receiving 2 years of preschool instruction or to a control group receiving no preschool. The participants were followed into their adult years. The following table shows how many in each group were arrested for some crime by the time they were '19 years old. [Data reported in Time, .July 29, 1991}. Arrested for some crime? Yes No Preschool 19 42 Control 32 30 {a} Is it possible to use these data to see whether preschool instruction can cause a lower rate of cnminal arrest for some populations? {b} Is this a retrospective or a prospective study