Identify and explain whether the co-debtors incur joint liability or liability in solidum in the following circumstances. (The parties are underlined for your convenience).

5.1 Jamie Smith entered into a student loan agreement with Standard Bank. In terms of the loan agreement, Jamie's parents are required to sign as sureties for the student loan. Mr and Mrs Smith agreed to stand surety for the loan.

5.2 Kim and Kourtney loan R 50 000 from Kylie. Kylie is worried about their ability to pay back the loan. Kim and Kourtney agreed that Kylie may approach either one of them for full payment of the debt.

5.3 John and Chrissy entered into a partnership agreement. After the dissolution of the partnership the creditors wished to claim from the partners.

5.4 Chris and Brown entered into an agreement with FNB for a loan to start up their capital for a new business.