• Identify if the study is an observational study or experiment
• Identify the most appropriate type of conclusion

1. A community college math department uses the same final exam for all college algebra students.The department chair is concerned that students in online courses do not well on the final exam as students in on-site courses.To determine if there is relationship between the teaching modality and the final exam score she takes a random sample of 40 on-site students and 35 online students and determines the final exam score for each student.The mean score for the on-site group was significantly larger than the mean score for the online students.
2. Is this an observational study or experiment?
3. Which of the of the following is the most appropriate conclusion?

I. For the students in the study, the teaching modality was the cause for the significant difference between the final exam scores.

II. For the students in the study, there is an association between the teaching modality and the final exam scores.

1. A researcher would like to investigate if smoking can cause reduction in lung capacity for women. The researcher finds 100 women of age 20 who do not smoke. The 100 women are randomly assigned in to two groups of 50.One group is given a smoking treatment and other no smoking treatment. The smoking group smokes a pack a day for the next ten years and those in the control group remain smoke-free for ten years. At the end of the ten years, the researcher measured the lung capacity of each group and determined that there was a significant difference in lung capacity between the two groups.The lung capacity for the smoking group was significantly lower.
2. Is this an observational study or experiment?
3. Which of the of the following is the most appropriate conclusion?

I. For the women in the study, smoking was the cause for the significant lowerlung capacity.

II. For the women in the study, smoking isassociated with lower lung capacity