Imagine a manager who is choosing between two training programs to implement in their company. This manager is considering two programs$--$Training Program A that has been used extensively in other companies and has a known failure rate of $20\%$ and a Training Program B that is new and has an estimated failure rate of $20\%.$ If this manager chooses Program A$,$ we can say he

prefers a "gain" frame over a "loss" frame

shows escalation of commitment

makes a fundamental attribution error

demonstrates ambiguity aversion

relies on the representativeness heuristic