In $1985$ at Levi$-$Strauss, a group of minority and women managers complained of discrimination to the CEO. The CEO convened a three$-$day retreat where discussions between Caucasian, minority, and female managers revealed hidden attitudes in the organization that conflicted with its statement of values. Which of the following general statements is most evident in this specific case?

Question $18$ Answer

a$.$

Espoused values significantly influence what managers do$.$

b$.$

It is sometimes easy to discern basic assumptions because they exist at a conscious level.

c$.$

Cultural artifacts are usually similar with espoused values.

d$.$

Basic underlying assumptions and values can be quite different from espoused values.