In Aesop's fable, "The Ant and the Grasshopper," an ant toils all summer to gather food for the winter while a grasshopper sunbathes and enjoys the present abundance of food without concern for the upcoming winter. Consequently when winter arrives, the grasshopper despairs that it has no food. The moral of the fable is that it is best to prepare for the days of necessity. Clearly the grasshopper failed to predict accurately how it would feel in the winter while it sunbathed with a full belly in the summer. The authors of this study explored the intriguing phenomenon of future anhedonia and its relation to the concept of time discounting in order to understand people's predictions about how they might feel when a future event happens. Time discounting occurs when people put less value on future events than present events. Future anhedonia refers to people's mistaken belief that a future event would elicit a less intense affective reaction than if the same event happened in the present. In six experiments, the authors asked participants to predict how happy they would feel both in the present and in the future upon receiving either 20 dollars

outright or 25 dollars in the form of a Starbucks coffeehouse gift card. The difference between the scores of present and future happiness is a measure of future anhedonia.

Descriptions of Variables VARIABLE DESCRIPTION diff_happy

A difference score equal to a participants predicted present happiness score for a present event minus his/her predicted future happiness score for the same event in the future. A positive difference indicates future anhedonia.

cond Condition: Whether an event was expected or unexpected

today-A participants predicted present happiness score for a present event future-A participants predicted future happiness score for a future event

Find the 93% confidence intervals for the proportion of more happy participants in the future for the Unexpected condition and for the Expected condition..

cond	today	future	diff_happy
Unexpected	8	6	2
Unexpected	7	8	-1
Unexpected	8	6	2
Unexpected	8	6	2
Unexpected	9	8	1
Unexpected	7	8	-1
Unexpected	9	8	1
Unexpected	8	7	1
Unexpected	7	4	3
Unexpected	8	5	3
Unexpected	8	5	3
Unexpected	9	8	1
Unexpected	9	9	0
Unexpected	8	8	0
Unexpected	8	7	1
Unexpected	8	7	1
Unexpected	7	5	2
Unexpected	9	8	1
Unexpected	9	9	0
Unexpected	6	5	1
Unexpected	7	6	1
Unexpected	9	8	1
Unexpected	9	9	0
Unexpected	8	9	-1
Unexpected	7	5	2
Unexpected	8	7	1
Unexpected	8	6	2
Unexpected	8	7	1
Unexpected	7	6	1
Unexpected	7	6	1
Unexpected	9	7	2
Unexpected	9	7	2
Unexpected	7	6	1
Unexpected	9	7	2
Unexpected	8	6	2
Expected	9	8	1
Expected	7	5	2
Expected	7	7	0
Expected	8	8	0
Expected	6	5	1
Expected	7	6	1
Expected	8	8	0
Expected	5	4	1
Expected	8	9	-1
Expected	8	9	-1
Expected	8	6	2
Expected	6	5	1
Expected	8	8	0
Expected	6	5	1
Expected	6	6	0
Expected	9	7	2
Expected	8	7	1
Expected	6	4	2
Expected	6	5	1
Expected	9	9	0
Expected	7	5	2
Expected	6	6	0
Expected	7	6	1
Expected	7	6	1
Expected	7	7	0
Expected	7	6	1
Expected	7	6	1
Expected	6	6	0
Expected	8	9	-1
Expected	8	8	0
Expected	9	6	3
Expected	8	8	0
Expected	8	6	2
Expected	9	7	2
Expected	5	5	0
Expected	5	3	2
Expected	6	4	2
Expected	7	6	1
Expected	6	6	0

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