In the N$.$I.C$.$E$.$ approach to handling conflict developed by Shapiro and Jankowski

negotiators:

are advised to "neutralize" their emotions when dealing with someone who is difficult by slowing

down the pace of the negotiation, smiling, asking questions and listening among other things

must identify the "type" of difficult person they are working with $-$ "situationally difficult,"

"strategically difficult," and "simply difficult."

should brainstorm with the other negotiator to identify new options that may allow the parties to

reach an agreement

are advised to use their leverage as a way to force the other negotiator to re$-$evaluate the reasons

for their unwillingness to reach a negotiated agreement

All of the above