Question: Include clearer statement on how it will shape my research: This data gathered from 22 federal courts between 2002 and 2013 is to empirically assess
Include clearer statement on how it will shape my research: This data gathered from 22 federal courts between 2002 and 2013 is to empirically assess the influence of race and gender of judges and defendants on the likelihood of pretrial release and punitive outcomes for defendants. The study uncovers significant differences in bail settings, revealing how the characteristics of both judges and defendants' impact judicial decisions. Black judges demonstrate a higher tendency to grant pretrial release and impose less stringent conditions for white defendants compared to their white counterparts. Also, the analysis indicates that female judges tend to favor incarceration and impose monetary bail more frequently for male defendants, while showing a reduced tendency to apply the same measures to female defendants when compared with male judges. These findings highlight race and gender in judicial decision-making, suggesting that personal characteristics of judges may influence their interpretations of fairness and risk in pretrial settings. Such disparities have important implications for understanding systemic biases within the justice system and underscore the need for continued investigation into how these factors may affect legal outcomes
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