Indicate whether each scenario in the following table represents a retaliatory tariff, a safeguard, or an environmental issue.

1. The United States imposes higher tariffs on the import of porcelain-on-steel cookware for four years to give domestic producers time to adjust to import competition.
2. The United States bans imports of tuna from Mexico that is caught in ways that drown dolphins.
3. The European Union imposes a 5% tariff on paper exports from a country that has violated WTO agreements.

Which of the following arguments can be used to correctly defend the WTO's position on retaliatory tariffs?Check all that apply.

1. Retaliatory tariffs are allowed to offset export prices that are below the average total cost of production.
2. A countervailing duty protects import-competing producers.
3. Convincing the government to impose anti dumping duties is less costly than facing fair competition.

Indicate whether each outcome in the following table is or is not an objective of economic sanctions.

1. Compensation for property expropriated by foreign governments.
2. Infant industry protection.
3. Combat international terrorism.
4. Export promotion.