Individual Differences in Values and Personality

$$ Five factor model of personality $-$ you should understand each of the $5$ personality factors in this

model $($this includes the subtraits associated with each factor; use descriptions of the Big $5$ traits

and subtraits from the self$-$assessment you completed; these provide more detail than the text

does$)$

$$ Schwartz Value Circumplex $$ you should know what the $4$ opposing quadrants of the model are

$($e$.$g$.$ openness to change vs$.$ conservatism$),$ what the $10$ broad value categories are $($e$.$g$.$ power,

security, tradition$)$ and how they fit into the $4$ opposing quadrants of the model

$$ Comparison of values, personality, attitudes and emotions $($see handout on Canvas$)$

Emotions, Attitudes, and Perception

$$ Perception process

$$ perceptual biases and errors

o confirmation bias

o stereotyping

o self$-$fulfilling prophecy, including $4$ steps in process

o halo effect

o recency effect

o primacy effect

o false$-$consensus effect

$$ attribution theory including attribution theory factors of consistency, distinctiveness and

consensus and how they affect whether someone makes an internal or external attribution

$$ attribution errors

o fundamental attribution bias

o self$-$serving bias

$$ Johari Window $(4$ windows and $2$ processes $$ feedback and disclosure$)$

$$ Emotional labor and emotional dissonance

$$ Deep vs$.$ surface acting

$$ Emotional intelligence $$ know the $4$ components

$$ What job satisfaction is and how people respond to job dissatisfaction $($EVLN model$)$

$$ Affective vs$.$ continuance commitment

Motivation

$$ Expectancy Theory

o Expectancy $($E$-$P link$),$ instrumentality $($P$-$O link$)$ and valence $($O$-$S link$)$

$$ Organizational Behavior Modification$/$Reinforcement theory

o contingencies of reinforcement $$ positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement,

punishment

$$ Equity theory

o How equity $($or inequity$)$ is determined $($comparing ratio of your outcomes$/$inputs with

the same ratio for some comparison object$)$

o Under$-$reward inequity vs$.$ over$-$reward inequity

o Responses someone can make to reduce inequity

$4$ drives $$ bond, defend, acquire and comprehend

$$ Goal Setting Theory

o SMART goals

o Other factors that enhance the effectiveness of goals $($goal acceptance$/$commitment

and feedback on progress toward meeting goal$)$

o Importance of participation in setting goals

$$ Job Characteristics Model

o $5$ core job characteristics $($e$.$g$.$ skill variety, task identity etc.$)$

o job enrichment $($combine tasks, form natural work groupings, establish client

relationships, vertically load jobs$)$

$$ Comprehensive Motivation Model

o $7$ elements of the model $($e$.$g$.$ establish clear performance expectations, enhancing

ability to perform by removing obstacles to performance etc.$)$ and how each relates to

the $3$ linkages in expectancy theory

$$ types of rewards $($membership$/$seniority based, job status$-$based, competency based,

performance$-$based$)$ know what each is as well as their advantages and disadvantages

$3$ types of incentive plans $($individual$,$ group, organization$)$ and the strengths$/$weaknesses of

each

$$ recommendations for improving reward effectiveness

Team Dynamics

$$ Social loafing $$ what it is and how to prevent it

$4$ stages of group development and the characteristics common at each stage $($use the

characteristics of each stage from the Team Dynamics Handout rather than the text$)$

$$ team norms $$ what norms are, how they influence group member behavior, and how to change

undesirable norms

$$ causes and consequences of group cohesiveness

$$ how cohesiveness and team performance norms interact to influence team performance $$ you

should understand this relationship and be able to explain why it occurs

$$ types of team trust $$ calculus$-$based, knowledge$-$based, identification$-$based

$$ constraints on team decision$-$making $$ time constraints, production$-$blocking, evaluation

apprehension, pressure to conform, inflated team efficacy

Conflict

$$ Conflict process

$$ Task vs$.$ relationship conflict and how each affects performance

$5$ sources of conflict

$5$ conflict management styles $($be able to differentiate between the $5$ styles in terms of their

level of assertiveness and cooperativeness$)$

$$ conflict style contingency factors $($issue importance, relationship importance etc.$)$ and how they

affect the level of assertiveness and$/$or cooperativeness you should use in dealing with a conflict

$$ know what combination of contingency factors is associated with each conflict management

style

Power and Influence

$$ power vs$.$ influence

$$ dependence and power; countervailing power

$$ contingencies of power $$ substitutability, visibility, discretion and centrality

$5$ sources of power and their connection to person vs$.$ position

$3$ responses to the exercise of power $$ resistance $($active and passive$),$ compliance and

commitment

$3$ R influence strategies, including the sources of power associated with each

$$ influence tactics described in the text $($e$.$g$.$ silent authority, assertiveness, exchange etc.$)$; know

which are considered $$hard$$ influence tactics and which are considered $$soft$$ AND