Instruction: MEE 6201 Unit III Case study assignment Please use citation from current edition textbook (1) and following other two (2 &3) items 1. The textbook : Ashby, M. F. (2013). Materials and the environment: Eco-informed material choice (2nd ed.). Waltham, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. http://site.ebrary.com/lib/columbiasu/reader.action?docID=10562191 2. Cheremisinoff, N. P. (2002). How to conduct a pollution prevention audit - Part 1: Do an audit inhouse and avoid surprises. Pollution Engineering, 34(3), 24-28. 3. Cheremisinoff, N. P. (2002). Conduct a pollution prevention audit - Part 2: Do an audit in-house and avoid surprises. Pollution Engineering, 34(4), 16-19. Unit III Case Study Select one of the products described in the eco-audit case study in Chapter 8 of your textbook (e.g., cups, grocery bags, electric kettle). Using the data in the textbook from the eco-audit, additional data from Chapter 15 (as necessary), and any additional resources that you find helpful, prepare a pollution prevention audit for the product that you have selected. Base your P2 audit on the steps shown in the Unit III Lesson. You do not need to use all of the P2 audit steps shown in the Unit III Lesson, but use at least three major steps from each phase (a major step being Step 5 rather than Step 5.1). Since you will not be using all of the steps shown in the Unit Lesson, you may re-number them if you wish so that your audit proceeds sequentially without skipping numbers. Your audit should include an introductory paragraph explaining both the purpose of a P2 audit and the reasons for including the steps that you have selected. Your case study must be at least two full pages in length. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations. All references and citations used must be in APA style. The introduction should be formatted in paragraph form, and the steps can be formatted as a list. Name: Date of submission: Pollution prevention audit for a PET drinking bottle The eco-audit exercise is mainly aimed at identifying the different phases of the life of the PET drinking bottle, the amount of energy that is consumed at each phase and the carbon footprint in each one of them. Some of the notable step that is notable in the lifecycle of this product includes identification of the product, the manufacture phase of the product and also the transport and use of the same. This last phase creates the highest demand for energy. The ecoaudit exercise will mainly be aimed at identifying those areas that the highest gains in terms of the amount of energy have been made (Ashby, 2013). Normally, one single phase in the life of any given product accounts for about 60% of the total amounts of energy and carbon. The PET drinking water is mainly produced for the purpose of packaging drinking water for sale. There is one particular brand that is normally sold in bottles of 1 liter and are normally sealed with caps made from polypropylene. The average weight of the bottle is about 40 grams while the cap weighs about 1 gram. The manufacture process of the bottles is normally done through molding of the bottles and the caps. They are then filled with water and thereafter transported for a distance of about 550 km from the Alps in 14 tons trucks. They are refrigerated for a period of 2 days requiring a space of about one cubic meter of refrigerated space at an average temperature of 40 degrees Celsius. Thereafter, they are sold out to the consumers. The PET material has an embodied energy of about 84 MJ/Kg and a carbon dioxide footprint of about 2.3 Kg/Kg. The PPT material on the other hand has an embodied energy of 9.5 MJ/Kg and a carbon dioxide footprint of 2.7 Kg/Kg. The polymer molding used to create the bottles has an embodied energy of 6.8 MJ/Kg and a carbon dioxide footprint of 0.53 Kg/Kg. Analyzing the mode of transport that' is used to transport the bottled water, one truckload of water contain 0.87 MJ/Kg of energy and a carbon dioxide footprint of 0.062 Kg/Kg. During the refrigeration phase, the equipment used has a power rating of about 0.12 kilowatts and a usage of 24 hours each day for 2 days each year. From the audit data, the phase that contributes to the highest consumption of energy and generation of carbon dioxide is the production of the bottles. The value of the carbon footprint is larger during the process of manufacture, transport and use. This can be attributed to the various inefficiencies in terms of energy use that they go through. The second highest consumer of energy is the refrigeration phase that takes a period of two days (Ashby, 2013). The transportation phase is seen as being the most extravagant in terms of the use of energy. One kg for each bottle is transported for a distance of about 550 km. This consumes about 10% of the entire energy that is used in the product cycle and 17% of the total amount of carbon that is produced in the entire cycle. There is a genuine concern about the use of PET materials in the production of water bottles. They should be made thinner by using less PET while molding. It is actually recommended that the bottles should be about 155 thinner to reduce the amount of energy that is consumed at this stage. The type of polymer that is used in the production of the bottles should be less energy intensive and made from materials that are reusable so that people can be able to recycle them. It is important that the molding methods that are used in the production of these water bottles are made more efficient to ensure that the amount of energy consumed in production is minimized (El-Halwagi, 1997). The Instead of using a 14 tons truck, a 32 tons truck should be used. The average refrigeration time that is used in preserving the water should also be reduced. References Advanced Pollution Prevention? Ashby, M. F. (2013). Materials and the environment: Ecoinformed material choice (2nd ed.). Waltham, MA: Butterworth Heinemann El-Halwagi, M. M. (1997). Pollution prevention through process integration: systematic design tools. Academic press