instructions:

This is the second preparation document leading up to the Intercultural Communication Analysis. In this document, you are to lay out your paper in such a way that you will have the main points and ideas in hand, but must still fill in the details, specifics, support, previews, and summaries. To begin, give all of your references, a three or four sentence annotation that summarizes the material in each, and how it will fit in your paper. Remember, you must have at least 2 scholarly article citations and at least 2 citations from books and/or our textbook. do a full sentence outline of the paper. This will probably have three sections that coincide with the three sections of the paper described on the assignment sheet. A full sentence outline would at least have an overarching sentence for each section (using notation I., II., and III.). Then will come the subsections of the major sections. These are pretty clearly laid out in the assignment sheet. For example, if you are going to highlight the collectivistic characteristic of your culture, then one of the subsections in section II of the paper might be "Like most Arab and African cultures on the African continent, Ghana is generally a collectivistic culture" (using the notation A., B., C., etc.). It would be good to drop to the next level (1., 2., 3., etc.) where you would lay out the details. In the just noted subsection, you might have a detail such as "1. Neuliep (2006, p. 48) lists Ghana as a collectivistic culture." Make sure that all of your sources are cited at least once in the outline so that you know where material is to go when you start the draft of the paper. If you want to put in introductions, previews, and summary / conclusions in the outline, just insert them as such and don't try to incorporate these into the outline numeration, per se. For this preparation, the grading rubric is: There are 8 citations (including 2 scholarly journals and 2 texts) - 10 points All 8 citations has a useful annotation - 5 points All 8 citations mention specifically where the citation will work in the paper - 5 points There is a full sentence outline of the paper - 10 points The outline has 8 citations embedded in it - 10 points The outline is organized and coherent - 10 points

this is an example:

Prep2 - Poland 1 Prep 2 - Poland Outline I. The cultural characteristics of Poland reveal a homogenous culture among Polish people. a. More than 96 percent of the population of Poland is Polish (Central Intelligence Agency). b. Almost 90 percent of the population in Poland is Roman Catholic, with three- quarters of Polish people actively practicing the religion (The Central Intelligence Agency). c. Polish is the official language of Poland (The Central Intelligence Agency). d. Many Poles speak English, which is the most popular foreign language in the country (Polish Culture and Life Style). e. Poland is located in Central Europe (Poland: Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette). f. Due to its rich Catholic history, many of Poland's traditions stem from religion. i. For example, instead of celebrating birthdays like we do in America, they celebrate "name days", which are the Patron Saint's day of a person's namesake (Polish Culture and Lifestyle). ii. Although communism dominated Poland for much of the twentieth century, the communist ideology has little influence on Polish culture because of the strong Catholic presence and independence (Nowak & Vallacher 2001, pp.162-163). II. The polish culture has a number of fascinating elements, which relate to the communication styles of its people. a. One cultural element of Poland is its collectivistic values. i. Studies indicate the Poland's communist history influenced collectivist ideals and reliance on the community (Lepkowska-White, Brashear and Weinberger 2003, p. 58) ii. According to Maria Pietras in "Social Influence Principles in Polish Advertising and Consumer Decision Making," Polish people fall on the collectivistic side of the individualism/collectivism spectrum.

Prep2 - Poland 2 1. In particular, they are not as individualistic as Americans (2001, p.81) As Pietras points out, Poland has recently undergone political and economic changes, which are more reflective of individualism; however, collectivistic values are more salient in the Poles (Pietras 2001, p. 81). iii. In addition to being a collectivistic society, Poland has a high power distance, or as Pietras refers to, "a high level of authoritarianism" (Pietras 2001, p. 81). According to the value orientations presented by Neuliep (2009, p.63), this aligns perfectly with the family dimension of authority in a collectivistic, high context culture. b. Family is also important in Polish culture. i. Polish parents support their children until early adulthood. In addition to engaging in activities together, Polish parents pay for their children's education and necessities, in addition to living with them, until the child is married (Lewis 2004, p. 256) c. Poland is a high-context culture. i. In a high context-culture, the communicators have an established understanding of each other. Thus, they do not solely rely on verbal information to carry a message - the environment plays a role in interpreting the messages (Neuliep 2009, p.53). ii. High-context communication is common in collectivistic cultures (Neuliep 2009, p.53). iii. Polish communication can be difficult for outsiders to understand because Poles speak in metaphors and implied meanings (Lewis 2004, p. 257). d. Polish communication is often described as friendly. i. Poles are friendly when they feel they have been treated well; however, when they sense injustice, they may become aggressive - a behavior they feel is justifiable (Lewis 2006, p.286) ii. Additionally, Polish people are friendly and welcoming in their greeting. Men kiss women on the hand and other men on the cheek is greeting (Lewis 2004, P. 256). e. Although friendly, there are a number of formalities in Polish communication.

Prep2 - Poland 3 i. Polish people only use first names with close friends (Lewis 2006, p.286). ii. They are reserved in greetings (Poland: Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette). iii. It is important to use a person's title when addressing him or her (Poland: Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette). III. There are a number of similarities and difference between Polish and American culture. a. Similarities i. Child-rearing and independence. Care for children until married. b. Similarities in communication and meaning process c. Although Polish culture is different from mainstream-American culture, I can identify similarities between the two i. A noticeable difference between the two cultures is where they call on the individualistic/collectivistic scale. Americans have more individualistic ideals than Polish people do (Neuliep 2009, p. 43). 1. The study "A Test of Ad Appeal Effectiveness in Poland and the United States: The Interplay of Appeal,Product, and Culture" by Elzbieta Lepkowska-White, Thomas G. Brashear and Marc G. Weinberger, supports the differences between Polish and American culture. It agrees that the cultures differ on individualism/collectivism, power distance and uncertainty avoidance (Lepkowska-White, Brashear and Weinberger 2003, p. 58) ii. Another difference in the culture is the variability. In Poland, nearly all of the people are Polish and Roman Catholic - there is not much diversity. As opposed to the United States, which is more diverse. iii. Language is another difference between the cultures. 1. Polish is the primary language in Poland (Central Intelligence Agency) 2. English is the Primary language in America.

Prep2 - Poland 4 3. However, as previously mentioned, many Poles speak English as well. d. Although there are a number of cultural differences to overcome, Americans and Poles are able to communicate. i. Because of Catholic influence in Poland, and many Catholics in America, may be able to communicate through religion because many Catholic traditions are universal. ii. The ability to communicate would also be aided by the Poles' ability to speak English. 1. If the two groups can communicate using English, then he the communication process would be much easier due to the common language. e. With communication differences, potential problems also arise. i. There are clear misunderstanding between cultures, not just between Americans and Poles. 1. A study conducted by Kubacki and Skinner (2006) showed there is a difference between what cultures believe they are communicating through their national identity and what is actually communicated to outgroups as a national brand. ii. The high-context communication style sometimes employed by the Poles, for example speaking in metaphors, may be more difficult for Americans to understand. iii. Also, Poles can be blunt in their communication style, which has the potential to hurt the face of our American individualistic culture (Lewis 2004, p. 257). iv. Additionally, Americans need to be careful to approach Polish people with respect. 1. Polish people tend to react strongly when they feel they are treated unjustly (Lewis 2006, p. 286).

Prep2 - Poland 5 References Central Intelligence Agency. (n.d.). Publications: The World Factbook. Retrieved from Central Intelligence Agency: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- factbook/index.html This website provides demographic information for all of the countries in the world. Specifically, I used this site for information about Poland. It provided background information on the culture, including language, population and history. It is helpful in developing a foundation for learning about the Polish culture. Kubacki, K., & Skinner, H. (2006). Poland: Exploring the Relationship Between National Brand and National Culture. Journal of Brand Management, 13,(4/5), pp. 284-299. This article studies what Polish people feel are important contributors to their Polish identity and how that identity is communicated to outgroups as a national brand. The study identified discrepancies between what cultural factors are important to Poles. It also survey outsiders to find what aspects of the culture they identify as distinctly Polish. This study supports that there is often limited knowledge and understanding between cultures, which can lead to difficulty communicating cross-culturally. Lepkowska-White, E., Brashear, T. G., and Weinberger, M.G. (2003). A Test of Ad Appeal Effectiveness in Poland and the United States: The Interplay of Appeal, Product, and Culture. Journal of Advertising, 32, (3), pp. 57-67. This article describes communication research into the effectiveness of advertising messages in the United States and Poland. The authors administered a survey to people in both demographics. They found differences in the way Poles and Americans respond to advertising and what appeals to each group. This article is helpful because it provides supporting arguments to hoe differences in individualism and collectivism effect communication in each culture. Lewis, R. D. (2004). When Cultures Collide: Managing Across Cultures. Boston, MA: Nicholas Brealey Publishing. This book provides information on how to effectively manage in the business world while working with people from other cultures. It has sections on a number of different countries, including Poland. Information from this book is helpful for understanding communication patterns and tendencies for Polish people. It provided specific details and examples to support the communication styles presented in the Neuliep text. Lewis, R. D. (2006). When Cultures Collide: Leading Across Cultures. Boston, MA: Nicholas Brealey Publishing.

Prep2 - Poland 6 This book provided many of the same information as the other's other book, When Cultures Collide: Managing Across Cultures. However, it went more in-depth into specific cultural examples of communication events that were not covered in his previous book. Specifically, it provided information on the friendly approach of Poles. It also provided understanding for why Poles sometimes act aggressively in communicating. Neuliep, J. W. (2009). Intercultural Communication: A Contextual Approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. This book serves as the primary text for the paper. It analyzes many communication patterns, theories and styles of cultures around the world. It provides the foundation for understanding cross-cultural communication. It will provide information about communication and culture in the United States. Since Poland is rarely mentioned, I will apply the information in the book to information about Poland gathered from other sources, like the Lewis books. Nowak, A., & Vallacher, R.R. (2001). Societal Transition: Toward a Dynamical Model of Social Change. In W. Wosinska, R. Cialdini, D. Barrett & J. Reykowski (Eds.), The Practice of Social Influence in Multiple Cultures (pp.151-171). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. There are a number of studies published in this book relating to social influences. The article I am using is about social changes in the late 1980s, when Poland transitioned from a communist society to a democratic one. The article provides background information on Polish culture and the importance of religion in shaping its culture. It provides argument about how communism's effect on Polish culture today is limited. Pietras, M. (2001). Social Influence Principles in Polish Advertising and Consumer Decision Making. In W. Wosinska, R. Cialdini, D. Barrett & J. Reykowski (Eds.), The Practice of Social Influence in Multiple Cultures (pp.79-96). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. This study is from the same book as the previous entry. This study focused on the effectiveness of advertisements to Polish customers. It focused on the three psychological principles of social proof, authority and scarcity and their relationship to Polish consumers. This article provides insight into how collectivism is related to decision- making in Poland and the United States and its relationship to the communication process. Polish Culture and Life Style. (n.d.) Retrieved from Poland for Visitors - Poland Travel Guide: http://www.polandforvisitors.com/travel_poland/culture

Prep2 - Poland 7 This website gives a brief overview of Polish culture. It provided important information about Polish traditions, like name day celebrations. It also supports information from the Lewis books about affection while communicating. This website served as more of a narrative than the information provided on the CIA's website, so it was easier to apply to communication acts. Poland: Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette. (n.d.) Retrieved from Kwintessential: http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/poland.html This site provides additional information about Polish culture and customs. In addition to basic facts about the country, it gives examples of etiquette and common communication acts in Poland. The section on meeting and greeting etiquette was especially helpful. Additionally, the site gave information about Poland's geographic location.