Question: Is the formula P ( P v v Q ) valid in . . . ( a ) . . . ukasiewicz ' s system?

Is the formula P(PvvQ) valid in...
(a)...ukasiewicz's system?
(b)...Kleene's?
(c)...the logic of paradox?
(d)...the system of supervaluations?
In each case, justify your answer: if the answer is yes, give a metalogic proof; if
the answer is no, give a counterexample.
Is the formula P ( P v v Q ) valid in . . . ( a )

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