IT AND WORKPLACE AUTOMATION

Advances in artificial intelligence, machine learning, robotics, and natural language processing are fundamentally changing the way work gets done and have the potential to affect the tasks, roles, and responsibilities of most workers. Computers and robots can perform a wide range of routine physical work activities better, cheaper, faster, and more safely than humans. They are also increasingly capable of accomplishing activities once considered impossible to automate successfully, such as working collaboratively with other machines, recognizing humans and objects, and even driving vehicles. Workplace automation is no longer a topic of science fiction; it is part of our everyday world. Global management consulting firm McKinsey & Company forecasts that productivity growth from the adoption of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and robotics will average between $0\mathrm{.}8$ percent and $1\mathrm{.}4$ percent per year Between $2015$ and $2065.$

One way to assess the feasibility of automating all or a portion of a job is to consider the multiple types of activity that make up that job. Almost every job has partial automa. tion potential, and research suggests that $45$ percent of human work activities could be automated using existing technology. Interestingly, this research also concludes that less than $5$ percent of jobs can be fully automated$-$suggesting that workers will be augmented by automation, not replaced. ${?}^{14}$

The types of work$-$related activities most amenable to automation are physical tasks performed in highly structured and predictable environments $($for example, mopping a floor, welding, or painting a part on an assembly line$),$ as well as activities related to data collection and processing. Other activities suited to automation include many tasks in the accommodation and food service industries, almost half of all labor time involves predictable physical activities such as preparing, cooking, or serving food; collecting dirty dishes; providing room service; and cleaning guest rooms. Many activities in the manufacturing and retail industries are suitable for automation. The types of workrelated activities least suited for automation include activities associated with managing others, applying expertise in making decisions and offering recommendations, interacting with stakeholders, and performing physical activities in an unstructured and unpredictable environment. ${?}^{15}$

It is likely to take decades for automation to achieve anywhere near its full potential. Consistent with E$.$M$.$ Rogers' diffusion of innovation theory, the rate at which activities become automated and workers are affected will vary across different activities, occupations, and wage and skill levels. Each sector will have its innovators and its laggards. ${?}^{16}$

Artificial Intelligence

Computers were originally designed to perform simple mathematical operations, using fixed programmed rules and eventually operating at millions of computations per second. When it comes to performing mathematical operations quickly and accurately, computers beat humans hands down. However, computers still have trouble recognizing patterns, adapting to new situations, and drawing conclusions when not provided complete information$-$all activities that many humans can perform quite well. Artificial intelligence systems tackle these sorts of problems. Artificial intelligence systems include the people, procedures, hardware, software, data, and knowledge needed to develop computer systems and machines that can simulate human intelligence processes, including learning $($the acquisition of information and rules for using the information$),$ reasoning $($using rules to reach conclusions$),$ and self$-$correction $($using the outcome from one scenario to improve its performance on future scenarios$).$

Artificial intelligence is a complex and interdisciplinary field in which experts ponder philosophical issues such as the nature of the human mind and the ethics of creating objects gifted with human$-$like intelligence. Artificial intelligence includes several specialty areas, including machine learning systems, robotics, and natural language processing. These areas are interrelated; advances in one can occur simultaneously with or result in advances in others. Provide a summary of the case. Synthesize your research findings and contribute to the argument presented in them with our own analysis $?$Articilate your thoughts clearly and persuasive ly and support them with relevent information from your reading s and research findings $.$ Present your views on the potential broader legal,ethical, or social implications of the case