Java protests instead of sending messages as message.Characterize, in a programming language documentation of your choice, a recursive drop parser that will foster the hypothetical sentence structure tree for a data stream acclimating to the above syntax for orders. You could expect the presence of a limit lex() that will yield an entire number tending to the accompanying lexical token from the data stream, and the limits mk2(op,x), mk3(op,x,y) and mk4(op,x,y,z) that will construct hypothetical sentence structure tree centers with a given head and one, a couple of operands. You should expect that exponentiation is right associativible and the request before repeatwhile should be the most restricted possible. [12 marks] Briefly outline how you would change your parser if the request aside of repeatwhile was changed to be the longest (instead of the most restricted). [4 marks](a) Implement a status server in Java. The server should run perpetually, replying to client demands. When a client demand has been satisfied, the server ought to close the association. You might accept current status messages are lost if the server is restarted and you don't have to deal with exemptions. [8 marks] (b) One housemate proposes the server and client ought to impart by serializing Java protests instead of sending messages as message. (I) Describe in words the progressions you would make to your server execution to send messages as serialized Java objects. [3 marks] (ii) List two benefits and two detriments of an execution in light of serialized Java objects as opposed to sending messages as message. [4 marks] (c) Another housemate proposes that the server shouldn't close the client's association in the wake of noting the solicitation. Rather the association ought to remain open until the client sends another solicitation or shuts the association. Depict in words what transforms you would have to make to your execution to some degree decimal input 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 and 13, the output S is to be at logic 1, and it is to be at logic 0 otherwise. (i) Write down the truth table for the required combinational logic function. (ii) Using a Karnaugh map, determine the simplified Boolean expression for the output S in terms of the inputs D3 to D0 in a minimum sum-of-products form. (iii) Describe what is meant by an essential term in a Karnaugh map. Write down the essential terms for the Karnaugh map in (ii). (iv) Using a Karnaugh map, this time determine the required simplified Boolean expression for the output S in a minimum product-of-sums form. [10 marks] (b) Provide a circuit diagram which implements the following Boolean function using only NAND gates F = (A + D).(B + C + D).(A + B + C) that has the don't care states: A.B.C.D, A.B.C.D, A.B.C.D and A.B.C.D [4 marks] ( (a) Show how two NOR gates may be connected to form an RS latch. Describe its operation and give a table relating its inputs to its outputs. How could you use this circuit to eliminate the effect of contact bounce in a single pole double throw switch supplying an input to a digital logic circuit? [6 marks] (b) The state sequence for a particular 4-bit binary up-counter is as follows:

Show how four negative edge triggered T-type flip-flops (FFs) with outputs labelled QA , QB , QC and QD can be used to implement a ripple counter having the specified state sequence. Show any combinational logic necessary assuming that the FFs have asynchronous reset inputs available. [4 marks] (c) Using the principles of synchronous design, determine the next state combinational logic expressions required to implement a counter having the state sequence specified in part (b ). Assume that D-type FFs are to be used and that unused states do not occur. [4 marks] (d) Explain carefully what happens if the counter in (c ) starts in state 1 1 1 0 . In general, how can start-up problems be overcome in the design of synchronous state machines? [4 marks] (e) What are the advantages and disadvantages of the synchronous design in part (c ) compared with the alternative design in part (b )? [2 marks] 3 (TURN OVER) CST.2014.2.4 SECTION B 3 Operating Systems One goal of a multiuser operating system is to protect each user's information and activity from damage caused by accidental or deliberate actions of other users of the system. (a) Describe a mechanism that operating systems use to reduce the opportunity for a user process to prevent another user's process from making progress. In your description include any particular hardware features that are relied upon. [3 marks] (b) Describe two alternative mechanisms that operating systems could use to reduce the opportunity for a user process to access or corrupt the information being used by another user's process. In your descriptions include any particular hardware features that are relied upon. [6 marks] (c) Describe how an operating system might attempt to ensure that long-term user information (that is, information which exists beyond process execution) is not interfered with or misused by other users. Your description should be clear about when actions are performed and the resources they consume. [5 marks] (d) To what extent are the mechanisms described above useful in single user systems? [3 marks] (e) How do operating systems ensure that they are not themselves overly-restricted by these mechanisms? [3 marks] 4 CST.2014.2.5 4 Operating Systems (a) Describe the difference between blocking and nonblocking input/output operations. How can an operating system improve the performance (as seen by a process) of blocking operations? [4 marks] (b) A privileged process is given raw access to a slow disk device. It reads a page from the disk (using a blocking operation), processes the information and repeats. Suppose a read takes 3 units of time and the processing 2 units of time, so that reading a block and processing takes 5 units of elapsed time. Assuming the machine is otherwise idle, how can this elasped time be reduced? State any assumptions about hardware features you are making. [5 marks] (c) Describe how polled I/O works and state its disadvantages. Under what conditions is polling a sensible approach? Describe an alternative approach. (You may find it helpful to provide a few lines of psuedo code.) [4 marks] (d) What advantages does direct memory access (DMA) provide? Describe its operation as seen by a device driver in the operating system. (You may find it helpful to write a few lines of psuedo code.) [5 marks] (e) To what extent does heterogeneity in I/O systems add complexity to an operating system? [2 marks] 5 (TURN OVER) CST.2014.2.6 SECTION C 5 Software and Interface Design (a) Define briefly, for each of the following techniques, what its purpose is and how it is conducted. (i) Regression testing (ii) A/B testing (iii) Unit testing (iv) Load testing [12 marks] (b) Although each of these techniques can provide new information of value to a software project, costs can be reduced if information is available earlier in the design cycle. For each of the four techniques in part (a), suggest a method by which some of the resulting information could be obtained earlier in the project. [8 marks] 6 CST.2014.2.7 6 Software and Interface Design The following is an extract from a design brief written by the client for one of the 2014 Cambridge group design projects. What I'd like is some sort of database of recipes to which I can send queries such as "Find me something that doesn't contain cabbage or tomatoes that takes less than 30 minutes to prepare", or "I've got kohlrabi in the veg box AGAIN, are there any recipes I haven't tried that might make something edible out of it?", or "I've actually got a couple of hours free to cook this weekend, what was that complicated Ottolenghi recipe I flagged two weeks ago to try later?". The database needs to cope with the fact that ingredients can have different names but mean the same thing: e.g. "flour" and "plain flour", and that "1/4 lb" and "4oz" are the same thing and equal to "100g" (and not 113g). It would be great if once I've chosen this week's menu, it could produce a shopping list I can plug into www.myfavouritesupermarket.com, and it needs to be usable by non-engineers. (a) For each of the following software project phases, suggest a design model or representation that would be a helpful aid in the design process. For each of these, sketch an example to show what this model looks like, based on some part of the above design brief. (i) Inception phase (ii) Elaboration phase (iii) Construction phase (iv) Transition phase [12 marks] (b) For each of the sketched examples in part (a), describe how the design work so far could be evaluated before proceeding to the next phase. [4 marks] (c) Choose two of the above design models, representations or evaluation methods, and explain how they would be done differently if the design project was following an agile rather than spiral project management approach. [4 marks] 7 (TURN OVER) CST.2014.2.8 SECTION D 7 Discrete Mathematics (a) Let m be a fixed positive integer. (i) For an integer c, let Kc = { k N | k c (mod m) }. Show that, for all c Z, the set Kc is non-empty. [2 marks] (ii) For an integer c, let c be the least element of Kc. Prove that for all a, b Z, a b (mod m) iff a = b. [4 marks] (b) (i) State Fermat's Little Theorem. [2 marks] (ii) Prove that for all natural numbers m and n, and for all prime numbers p, if m n

mod (p 1) then k N. km k n (mod p). [6 marks] (c) (i) Use Euclid's Algorithm to express the number 1 as an integer linear combination of the numbers 34 and 21. [3 marks] (ii) Find a solution x N to 34 x 3 (mod 21). [3 marks] any bugs that it may contain. Give more meaningful identifiers for the variables c and s. Give appropriate comments for the four positions marked "COMMENT HERE". Explain why the method returns a value and what the value means. [8 marks] 0 boolean delete(self, key) 1 # HEADER COMMENT HERE (1) 2 if self.u == 2: 3 if self.A[key] == 0 4 # COMMENT HERE (2) 5 return False 6 else: 7 c = self.cluster[high(key)].delete(low(key)) 8 if c: 9 # COMMENT HERE (3) 10 s = self.summary.delete(high(key)) 11 # COMMENT HERE (4) 12 return s 13 else: 14 return False 3 (TURN OVER) CST.2014.3.4 3 Programming in C and C++ (a) Write a C function revbits() which takes a single 8-bit char parameter and returns a char result by reversing the order of the bits in the char. [4 marks] (b) Write a C function revbytes() taking two parameters and returning no result. The first parameter is a pointer to memory containing n contiguous bytes (each of type char), and the second is the number of bytes. The function should have the side effect of reversing the order of the bits in the n contiguous bytes, seen as a bitstring of length 8n. For example, the first bit of the first char should be swapped with last bit of the last char. [6 marks] (c) You have been assigned the following seemingly working C code, which processes files controlling the behaviour of a system. You observe that, after obtaining several ERR_MALFORMED errors, subsequent calls to fopen fail due to too many files being open: int process_file(char *name) { FILE *p = fopen(name, "r"); if (p == NULL) return ERR_NOTFOUND; while (...) { ... if (...) return ERR_MALFORMED; process_one_option(); ... } fclose(p); return SUCCESS; } (i) Explain how to fix the program using facilities in C. [2 marks] (ii) Now suppose the function above was part of a system written in C++ (but still using the C file-processing commands such as fopen and fclose), and that process_one_option() might raise one or more exceptions. Using a class with a destructor, show how to fix the "too many files open" bug above. [8 marks] 4 CST.2014.3.5 4 Compiler Construction This question concerns the run-time call stack. (a) What is a run-time stack and why is it important to a compiler writer? [3 marks] (b) The implementation of a run-time call stack typically uses a stack pointer and a frame pointer. What are their roles and why do we need two pointers? [3 marks] (c) For some compilers the activation records (stack frames) contain static links. What problem are static links used to solve and how do they solve this problem? [3 marks] (d) (i) Consider a programming language that does not allow functions to be returned as results, but does allow the nesting of function declarations. Using ML-like syntax, we have the following code in this language. let fun f(x) = let fun h(k) = k * x fun g(z) = h(x + z + 1) in g(x + 1) end in f(17) end Draw a diagram illustrating the call stack from the call of f up to and including the call of function h. Make sure all function arguments are included in the diagram and clearly indicate static links. [5 marks] (ii) Using your diagram, explain how the code generated from the body of function h can access the values associated with the variables k and x. In each case make it clear what information is known at compile-time and what information is computed at run-time. [6 marks] 5 (TURN OVER) CST.2014.3.6 5 Compiler Construction Functional programmers will often rewrite a recursive function such as fun fact1 n = if n <= 1 then 1 else n * (fact1 (n -1)) to one such as fun fact2 n = let fun aux (m, a) = if m <= 1 then a else aux(m-1, m * a) in aux (n, 1) end using an accumulator (the parameter a of aux) and tail recursion. (a) Clearly explain the optimisation such programmers are expecting from the compiler and how that optimisation might improve performance. [4 marks] (b) The desired optimisation can be performed by a compiler either directly on the source program or on lower-level intermediate representations. Treating it as a source-to-source transformation, rewrite fact2 to ML code that has been transformed by this optimisation. You will probably use references and assignments as well as the construct while EXP do EXP. [8 marks] (c) Suppose that the programmer used instead a function as an accumulator. fun fact3 n = let fun aux (m, h) = if m <= 1 then h(1) else aux(m-1, fn r => m * (h r)) in aux (n, fn x => x) end Will your optimisation still work in this case? Explain your answer in detail. [8 marks] 6 CST.2014.3.7 6 Concepts in Programming Languages (a) Write a LISP program for detecting whether a LISP interpreter treats the language as being dynamically scoped (as was the case in historical LISP) or as being statically scoped (as is the case in modern LISP). You may use pseudo-code and should explain your answer in detail. [4 marks] (b) You manage two junior programmers and overhear the following conversation: A: "I don't know why anyone needs a language other than Java, it provides clean thread-based parallel programming." B: "Maybe, but I write my parallel programs in a functional programming language because they are then embarrassingly parallel." Discuss the correctness of these statements and the extent to which they cover the range of languages for parallel programming. [6 marks] (c) Explain why the SML interpreter accepts the declarations datatype 'a FBtree = node of 'a * 'a FBtree list; fun dfs P (t: 'a FBtree) = let exception Ok of 'a; fun auxdfs( node(n,F) ) = if P n then raise Ok n else foldl (fn(t,_) => auxdfs t) NONE F; in auxdfs t handle Ok n => SOME n end; while it does not accept the declaration exception Ok of 'a; [4 marks] (d) Consider the declarations structure Z = struct type t = int; val z = 0 end; structure A = Z : sig type t ; val z: t end; structure B = Z :> sig type t = int ; val z: t end; structure C = Z :> sig type t ; val z: t end; in the SML Modules language. Explain the behaviour of the SML interpreter on inputting each of the expressions Z.z = A.z; Z.z = B.z; Z.z = C.z; [6 marks] 7 (TURN OVER) CST.2014.3.8 7 Further Java Five housemates run a "status" server on their home network. The server stores the current status of each housemate as a string of text. For example, housemate Eva might set her status to "Gone to the exam hall." Messages are passed between clients and the server as text strings sent over TCP. The new line character is used exclusively as the last character in every message. On connection with the server, a client can either (i) query the status of a user by sending the user's name to the server as a string (and the server responds with the current status message), or (ii) set the status of a user by sending the user's name followed by a colon and the new status message. For example, "Eva:Gone to the exam hall." sets the status message for Eva. (a) Implement a status server in Java. The server should run indefinitely, responding to client requests. Once a client request has been fulfilled, the server should close the connection. You may assume current status messages are lost if the server is restarted and you do not need to handle exceptions. [8 marks] (b) One housemate suggests the server and client should communicate by serialising Java objects rather than sending messages as text. (i) Describe in words the changes you would make to your server implementation to send messages as serialised Java objects. [3 marks] (ii) List two advantages and two disadvantages of an implementation based on serialised Java objects versus sending messages as text. [4 marks] (c) Another housemate suggests that the server should not close the client's connection after answering the request. Instead the connection should remain open until the client sends another request or closes the connection. Describe in words what changes you would need to make to your implementation in part (a) to achieve this and comment on the advantages and disadvantages of this idea. [5 marks] 8 CST.2014.3.9 8 Prolog You are asked to write a Prolog program to work with binary trees. Your code should not rely on any library predicates and you should assume that the interpreter is running without occurs checking. 3 2 7 4 2 5 (a) Describe a data representation scheme for such trees in Prolog and demonstrate it by encoding the tree shown above. [3 marks] (b) Implement a Prolog predicate bfs/2 which effects a breadth-first traversal of a tree passed as the first argument and unifies the resulting list with its second argument. For example, when given the tree shown above as the first argument the predicate should unify the second argument with the list [3,2,7,4,2,5]. [4 marks] (c) Explain why the bfs/2 predicate might benefit from being converted to use difference lists. [2 marks] (d) Implement a new predicate diffbfs/2 which makes use of a difference list to exploit the benefit you identified in part (c). Your predicate should take the same arguments as bfs/2. [6 marks] (e) A friend observes that a clause in diffbfs/2 will need to contain an empty difference list and proposes two possible ways of representing it, either []-[] or A-A. Consider your implementation of diffbfs/2.Define, in a programming language documentation of your decision, a recursive drop parser that will develop the theoretical sentence structure tree for an info stream adjusting to the above grammar for orders. You might expect the presence of a capacity lex() that will yield a whole number addressing the following lexical token from the info stream, and the capacities mk2(op,x), mk3(op,x,y) and mk4(op,x,y,z) that will build theoretical sentence structure tree hubs with a given administrator and one, a few operands. You ought to expect that exponentiation is correct associativible and the order before repeatwhile ought to be the most limited conceivable. [12 marks] Briefly frame how you would adjust your parser if the order to one side of repeatwhile was changed to be the longest (as opposed to the most limited). [4 marks] 5 Data Structures and Algorithms You are given two arrangements of numbers Xi and Yj , where I and j run from 1 to N. Devise a calculation to track down the M biggest upsides of Xi Yj . This calculation ought not be quadratic in N, however being quadratic in M is allowed. You ought to see N as being of the request for 20,000 and M as being of the request for 1,000.

(c) Describe an effective calculation to track down the middle of a bunch of 106 whole numbers where it is realized that there are less than 100 particular numbers in the set. [6 marks] 6 Computer Design (a) Why does pipelining present information risks? [4 marks] (b) What system might be utilized to eliminate a few dards? [4 marks] (c) Why is it unrealistic to eliminate all information dangers? [4 marks] (d) What equipment is expected to forestall information risks from encroaching the developer's model of guidance execution? [4 marks] (e) What is the contrast between an information danger and a control risk? [4 marks] 5 [TURN OVER CST.2001.3.6 7 Operating System Functions (a) What are the central questions with planning for shared-memory multiprocessors? [3 marks] (b) Processor partiality, take booking and group planning are three strategies utilized inside multiprocessor working frameworks. (I) Briefly depict the activity of each. [6 marks] (ii) Which issue does the processor partiality method look to survive? [2 marks]answer the questiuon plainly (a) the less (- ) and exponentiation (**) administrators, (b) the on the off chance that order and the on the off chance that elsecommand, and (c) the if else-order and the repeatwhile-order. [4 marks] Define, in a programming language documentation of your decision, a recursive drop parser that will develop the theoretical sentence structure tree for an info stream adjusting to the above grammar for orders. You might expect the presence of a capacity lex() that will yield a whole number addressing the following lexical token from the info stream, and the capacities mk2(op,x), mk3(op,x,y) and mk4(op,x,y,z) that will build theoretical sentence structure tree hubs with a given administrator and one, a few operands. You ought to expect that exponentiation is correct associativible and the order before repeatwhile ought to be the most limited conceivable. [12 marks] Briefly frame how you would adjust your parser if the order to one side of repeatwhile was changed to be the longest (as opposed to the most limited). [4 marks] 5 Data Structures and Algorithms You are given two arrangements of numbers Xi and Yj , where I and j run from 1 to N. Devise a calculation to track down the M biggest upsides of Xi Yj . This calculation ought not be quadratic in N, however being quadratic in M is allowed. You ought to see N as being of the request for 20,000 and M as being of the request for 1,000.

(c) Describe an effective calculation to track down the middle of a bunch of 106 whole numbers where it is realized that there are less than 100 particular numbers in the set. [6 marks] 6 Computer Design (a) Why does pipelining present information risks? [4 marks] (b) What system might be utilized to eliminate a few dards? [4 marks] (c) Why is it unrealistic to eliminate all information dangers? [4 marks] (d) What equipment is expected to forestall information risks from encroaching the developer's model of guidance execution? [4 marks] (e) What is the contrast between an information danger and a control risk? [4 marks] 5 [TURN OVER CST.2001.3.6 7 Operating System Functions (a) What are the central questions with planning for shared-memory multiprocessors? [3 marks] (b) Processor partiality, take booking and group planning are three strategies utilized inside multiprocessor working frameworks. (I) Briefly depict the activity of each. [6 marks] (ii) Which issue does the processor partiality method look to survive? [2 marks] (iii) What issue does the processor liking strategy experience the ill effects of, and how might this issue at any point be survived? [2 marks] (iv) In which conditions is a posse planning approach generally fitting? [2 marks] (c) What unexpected issues does the virtual memory the board framework need to address while managing shared-memory multiprocessor frameworks?

Five housemates run a "status" server on their home organization. The server stores the current status of every housemate as a line of text. For instance, housemate Eva could set her status to "Gone to the test corridor." Messages are passed among clients and the server as message strings sent over TCP. The new line character is utilized solely as the last person in each message. On association with the server, a client can possibly (I) question the situation with a client by sending the client's name to the server as a string (and the server answers with the current status message), or (ii) set the situation with a client by sending the client's name followed by a colon and the new status message. For instance, "Eva:Gone to the test corridor." sets the status message for Eva. (a) Implement a status server in Java. The server ought to run endlessly, answering to client demands. When a client demand has been satisfied, the server ought to close the association. You might accept current status messages are lost if the server is restarted and you don't have to deal with exemptions. [8 marks] (b) One housemate proposes the server and client ought to impart by serializing Java protests instead of sending messages as message. (I) Describe in words the progressions you would make to your server execution to send messages as serialized Java objects. [3 marks] (ii) List two benefits and two detriments of an execution in light of serialized Java objects as opposed to sending messages as message. [4 marks] (c) Another housemate proposes that the server shouldn't close the client's association in the wake of noting the solicitation. Rather the association ought to remain open until the client sends another solicitation or shuts the association. Depict in words what transforms you would have to make to your execution to some degree (a) to accomplish this and remark on the benefits and hindrances of this thought.

(a) Describe the primary illustrations gained from the report into the breakdown of the London Rescue vehicle Service. [12 marks] (b) To what degree have the improvements in programming devices and the board practices of the most recent twenty years advanced the circumstance, and which of the examples do we actually need to watch out for now?

N. Wirth's reading material Algorithms + information structures = programs (1976) contains the following story. I wedded a widow (call her W) who has an adult girl (D). My dad (F), who visited us regularly, became hopelessly enamored with my step-little girl and wedded her. Henceforth my dad turned into my child in-regulation what's more, my progression little girl turned into my mom. A few months after the fact, my significant other brought forth a child (S1), who turned into the brother by marriage of my dad, as well as my uncle. The spouse of my dad - that is, my progression little girl - likewise had a child (S2). Utilizing Prolog, make a rundown of realities that addresses what is happening in the above story. [5 marks] Add rules characterizing the family connections (like father by marriage) depicted in the story. [5 marks] Show how a Prolog framework would utilize your program to demonstrate the objective "I'm my own granddad". [10 marks] 8 Databases Make sense of the ANSI/SPARC engineering for Data Base Management Systems, and show how it upholds information freedom. [5 marks] Portray the social model of information presented by E.F. Codd in 1970. [4 marks] What are its assets and shortcomings? [7 marks] What variables have prompted its prevailing situation in the commercial center today?

(a) Write C capacity revbits() which takes a solitary 8-digit burn boundary and returns a roast outcome by turning around the request for the pieces in the scorch. [4 marks] (b) Write C capacity revbytes() taking two boundaries and returning no outcome. The primary boundary is a pointer to memory containing n coterminous bytes (each of type singe), and the second is the quantity of bytes. The capacity ought to have the result of turning around the request for the pieces in the n bordering bytes, seen as a bitstring of length 8n. For instance, the primary piece of the principal burn ought to be traded with last piece of the last roast. [6 marks] (c) You have been allocated the accompanying apparently working C code, which processes documents controlling the way of behaving of a framework. That's what you see, subsequent to acquiring a few ERR_MALFORMED mistakes, resulting calls to fopen bomb due to an excessive number of documents being open: int process_file(char *name) { Record *p = fopen(name, "r"); in the event that (p == NULL) return ERR_NOTFOUND; while (...) { ... if (...) return ERR_MALFORMED; process_one_option(); ... } fclose(p); bring SUCCESS back; } (I) Explain how to fix the program involving offices in C. [2 marks] (ii) Now guess the capacity above was essential for a framework written in C++ (yet as yet utilizing the C record handling orders, for example, fopen and fclose), and that process_one_option() could raise at least one special cases. Utilizing a class with a destructor, tell the best way to fix the "such a large number of documents open" bug above. (iii) What issue does the processor liking strategy experience the ill effects of, and how might this issue at any point be survived? [2 marks] (iv) In which conditions is a posse planning approach generally fitting? [2 marks] (c) What unexpected issues does the virtual memory the board framework need to address while managing shared-memory multiprocessor frameworks?

Five housemates run a "status" server on their home organization. The server stores the current status of every housemate as a line of text. For instance, housemate Eva could set her status to "Gone to the test corridor." Messages are passed among clients and the server as message strings sent over TCP. The new line character is utilized solely as the last person in each message. On association with the server, a client can possibly (I) question the situation with a client by sending the client's name to the server as a string (and the server answers with the current status message), or (ii) set the situation with a client by sending the client's name followed by a colon and the new status message. For instance, "Eva:Gone to the test corridor." sets the status message for Eva. (a) Implement a status server in Java. The server ought to run endlessly, answering to client demands. When a client demand has been satisfied, the server ought to close the association. You might accept current status messages are lost if the server is restarted and you don't have to deal with exemptions. [8 marks] (b) One housemate proposes the server and client ought to impart by serializing (I) Describe in words the progressions you would make to your server execution to send messages as serialized Java objects. [3 marks] (ii) List two benefits and two detriments of an execution in light of serialized Java objects as opposed to sending messages as message. [4 marks] (c) Another housemate proposes that the server shouldn't close the client's association in the wake of noting the solicitation. Rather the association ought to remain open until the client sends another solicitation or shuts the association. Depict in words what transforms you would have to make to your execution to some degree (a) to accomplish this and remark on the benefits and hindrances of this thought.

(a) Describe the primary illustrations gained from the report into the breakdown of the London Rescue vehicle Service. [12 marks] (b) To what degree have the improvements in programming devices and the board practices of the most recent twenty years advanced the circumstance, and which of the examples do we actually need to watch out for now?

N. Wirth's reading material Algorithms + information structures = programs (1976) contains the following story. I wedded a widow (call her W) who has an adult girl (D). My dad (F), who visited us regularly, became hopelessly enamored with my step-little girl and wedded her. Henceforth my dad turned into my child in-regulation what's more, my progression little girl turned into my mom. A few months after the fact, my significant other brought forth a child (S1), who turned into the brother by marriage of my dad, as well as my uncle. The spouse of my dad - that is, my progression little girl - likewise had a child (S2). Add rules describing the family associations (like father in law) portrayed in the story. [5 marks] Show how a Prolog structure would use your program to exhibit the goal "I'm my own granddad". [10 marks] 8 Databases Get a handle on the ANSI/SPARC designing for Data Base Management Systems, and show how it maintains data opportunity. [5 marks] Depict the social model of data introduced by E.F. Codd in 1970. [4 marks] What are its resources and inadequacies? [7 marks] What factors have provoked today winning circumstance in the business community?

Using Prolog, make an overview of real factors that tends to what's going on in the above story. [5 marks]