Joan is considering moving away from Apple's ecosystem $($e$.$g$.,$ iPhone, Mac, etc.$)$ and becoming a member of the Google ecosystem $($Pixel Phone, Chromebook, etc.$).$ After conducting some research, she finds that she cannot text her family members and friends for free as most of them are using iPhones. She is also disappointed that she can no longer play her favorite U$2$ albums, which she had purchased on iTunes $($Apple$\text{'}$s multimedia platform$)$ over the years. Joan also does not know how to operate an Android$-$based phone, which means she will have to spend a lot of time to understand Google's mobile operating system. While she does not have an emotional connection to Apple, she realizes that last year the company had sent her a $$100$ gift$-$card for being a valued customer since $2010-$ a gift card that she has not used yet.

For the reasons listed above, Joan decides to stay in the Apple ecosystem. It can be said that her decision was mainly influenced by high

Switching costs

Brand loyalty

Backward integration

Forward integration

None of the above