keep answers short.

(a) Define the term "pretext stop." (b) In each of the three cases consolidated in Robinson, identify both the pretext and the true reason for the stop.

(a) What was the U.S. Supreme Court's holding in Whren ? (b) Why did the Court refuse to tie the legality of a police officer's conduct to the primary motivation/purpose in making a stop?

How does the People v. Robinson court explain its concern that Whren gives police an unlimited power to exercise arbitrary control over "tens of millions" of passengers and drivers ?

How does the New York Court of Appeals distinguish the random stops which were invalidated by the U.S. Supreme Court in Delaware v. Prouse from the pretext stops which are authorized here ?

Identify the two different elements, discussed in Floyd, that were satisfied to support the decision that the City of New York (rather than individual officers) was liable under Monell for violations of the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments.

Discuss how the principles of Monell liability might apply to the facts that the Dept. Of Justice found in its examination of law enforcement in both Ferguson, Missouri and Baltimore, Maryland. How are the problems of law enforcement in these two cities similar and yet different ?