Kramer, single and age $28,$ has a sole proprietorship which$$80,000$ in fees from clients and paid $$42,000$ for deductible expenses for $2023.$In addition, in $2023$ Kramer purchased new equipment for his home office totaling $$8,000.$His home office is not used exclusively for his business, but the equipment is solely used for business purposes. Kramer also earned $$45,000$ in W$-2$ wages on which $$6,000$ of Federal income taxes was withheld by his employer. Additionally, during $2023,$ Kramer paid $$2,000$ of student loan interest.

Required:

a$.$ Determine Kramer$$s taxable income for $2023.$

b$.$ Determine Kramer$$s income taxes and income taxes due $($or refund$)$ for $2023$ assuming that he takes advantage of available tax deductions $($based on the information provided$).$