la. Describe what teacher value-add (TVA) represents, and explain 2 examples of policies that school districts can use to increase TVA. 1b. What were the findings from examining the effectiveness of charter school inputs from Dobbie and Fryer (2013)? What were the top 5 findings? Explain why you think those are effective? What happened when Fryer (2014) injected these methods into public schools? 1c. Discuss how we assess quality of teachers (both K-12 and higher education). What are the limitations to the current methods we have? Why are they still more effective than alternatives? Id. How is K-12 education financed in the US? How has this contributed to the achievement gap, and what is being done to bridge the gap? le. Describe what discounting is and explain how discounting could lead a student to choose start working after graduating high school, instead of attending college. 1f. Define upward bias and downward bias. Describe in what context we see upward bias or downward bias. Give an example of a relationship where upward bias is present (it can be from an example encountered in homework or class). 1g. What is the difference between the net price and sticker price of college? How does this vary with college quality