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Extra points question $(+2$ points$).$ In eukaryotes, the electron transport chain $($ETC$)$ is susceptible to various inhibitors. Specifically, the antibiotic antimycin $A$ is known to inhibit Complex III of the ETC, effectively blocking electron transfer. Explain why an antibiotic like antimycin A can affect the ETC in eukaryotic cells.

$12.(5$ points$).$ Multiple option I:

Which statement correctly describes catabolism and anabolism with an example?

$$ Catabolism builds complex molecules using energy; an example is glycolysis. Anabolism breaks down molecules, releasing energy; an example is fatty acid synthesis

$$ Catabolism breaks down complex molecules, releasing energy; an example is glycolysis. Anabolism builds complex molecules, requiring energy; an example is fatty acid synthesis

Both processes break down molecules, but catabolism releases energy while anabolism uses energy; an example of both is glycolysis

Catabolism releases energy by building molecules; an example is fatty acid synthesis. Anabolism breaks down molecules without energy; an example is glycolysis

Which molecule provides reducing equivalents in anabolic pathways?

NADPH

$NA{D}^{+}$

$q,FAD{H}_2$

NADH

Which of the following correctly describes a difference and a similarity between cytochrome c and myoglobin?

Both cytochrome c and myoglobin bind oxygen; cytochrome c is water$-$soluble, while myoglobin is not

Cytochrome $c$ is highly water$-$soluble and undergoes redox reactions but does not bind

oxygen; myoglobin binds oxygen and is less water$-$soluble

Both cytochrome c and myoglobin are watersoluble; cytochrome c undergoes redox reactions, while myoglobin does not

Cytochrome c binds oxygen and is waterinsoluble; myoglobin is water$-$soluble but does not undergo redox reactions

Ubiquinone $($coenzyme Q$)$ functions primarily as:

An electron carrier

A proton pump

A structural protein

A coenzyme for Complex IV

The ATP synthase generates ATP by utilizing:

Electron flow through the ETC

Substrate$-$level phosphorylation

Proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane

Reduction of NADH

During oxidative phosphorylation, how many ATP molecules are formed per NADH?

$2\mathrm{.}5$

$1\mathrm{.}5$

$1$

$3$