least $73$ killed as fire engulfs five$-$storey building in Johannesburg. A devastating fire broke out in a multi$-$storey building located in the heart of Johannesburg, South Africa's largest city, resulting in the loss of at least $73$ lives, including seven children. The incident, which occurred early on Thursday, also left $43$ people injured. This tragedy is one of the worst of its kind in the country's history, according to emergency management services. The causes of urban growth are varied and complex, but among the main ones are economic and environmental pressures driving poor people from the countryside to seek a living in the towns. Poverty and poor urban management mean that many cities in South Africa are expanding rapidly and in an uncontrolled way. This has led to severe social, economic and environmental problems. It is also putting ever$-$greater numbers of people at risk from natural and technological hazards.

$1$ As a Disaster Risk Reduction specialist, you have been appointed by the Gauteng premier to analyse informal settlements and how similar disasters like the incident in Johannesburg can be prevented in future. $(30)$

$$ Discuss the environmental hazards in an informal settlement.

$$ Analyse the vulnerability of people living in an informal settlement.

$$ Discuss the possible solutions to prevent similar disasters in future