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"Some of the concepts that are essential to the humane running of prisons worldwide are promoting human dignity and rights, and using alternative options to mass incarceration. For instance, the Mandela Rules was established as an international guideline that instilled "good principles and practices in the treatment of prisoners" (UNODC, 2016). These rules recognized all prisoners being entitled to their inherent dignity and rights, and shall be protected from acts of "torture, cruelty, inhumane or degrading treatment or punishment" (General Assembly, 1984; UNODC, 2016). Therefore, prisoners have the right to access food, healthcare, exercise, bed, and should not be exposed to cruel punishment. However, neglectinghuman dignity and rights can create an environment where prisoners are treated inhumanely, lack proper access to resources (e.g., food, healthcare, beds, etc.), and have punishments like solitary confinement (Peirce, 2017).

Another concept is using alternative options than incarceration. For instance, Netherlands use non-custodial sentencing such community service sentences as an alternative for short-term imprisonments (Allen, 2012). As a result, this reduces the number of incarcerated and ensures that the prisons do not become overcrowded (Allen, 2012). Additionally, the use of suspended sentences, a widely used approach in Germany, involves those sentenced up to two years being suspended to probation if the court deems that the offender will not commit any future crimes during their probation (Allen, 2012). This, in turn, reduces the chances of overcrowding and, depending on the court's probation conditions, provides rehabilitation. Hence, using alternative options provides the chance to reduce overcrowding and promote rehabilitation".