make me a multiple choice applicated based cause and effect practice test with these student outcomes Define simple diffusion as the movement of molecules from one location to another by random thermal motion. Distinguish between one$-$way fluxes and net flux. Describe why the net flux of molecules between two compartments is always from the region of higher concentration to the region of lower concentration. Identify the hydrophobic region of the phospholipid bilayer as the greatest barrier to the diffusion of polar and ionic solutes. Discuss the role of integral membrane proteins in allowing polar molecules and ions to permeate the cell. Describe the contribution of the membrane potential to the diffusion of ions across membranes. Define electrochemical gradient. Distinguish between ligand$-$gated channels, voltage$-$gated channels, and mechanically$-$gated channels. Describe how proteins involved with mediated$-$transport systems move molecules from one side of the membrane to another. Compare and contrast facilitated diffusion from simple diffusion and active transport from facilitated diffusion. Distinguish between primary active transport and secondary active transport, including the mechanisms of coupling energy to the transporters. Explain how the Na$+/$K$+$ ATPase operates to transport Na$+$ and K$+$ across plasma membranes $($and which direction these ions are moving, relative to the intracellular fluid compartment$)$; state why it is one example of an active transport mechanism. Distinguish between cotransport and countertransport of solutes coupled to Na$+.$ Explain how water diffuses the same way as other molecules do$$from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration$$and that this movement of water across a membrane is called osmosis. Identify the type of transporter that facilitates the diffusion of water across plasma membranes. Recognize that the concentration of water in a solution decreases as solute concentration $($i$.$e$.,$ osmolarity$)$ increases. Define osmolarity and explain that the osmolarity of a solution depends upon the total number of solute particles in solution, regardless of their chemical composition. Contrast the osmolarity of a solution and the tonicity of a solution, and explain why only the concentration of nonpenetrating solutes determines tonicity. Explain what happens with regard to cell volume when it is placed in hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions. Compare and contrast endocytosis and exocytosis. Recognize that endocytosis consists of pinocytosis and receptor$-$mediated endocytosis, which are common to most cells, and phagocytosis, which is a specialty of certain cells in the immune system. Describe the two functions of exocytosis$$to replace portions of the plasma membrane that are removed during endocytosis and to provide a means for the secretion of large polar molecules such as protein hormones into the extracellular fluid. Distinguish between the paracellular and transcellular pathways of epithelial transport. Compare how different transporters may be used to transport molecules across the apical and basolateral membranes.