1. Make recommendations for the design choice.
2. Explain whether you think that this is the appropriate t test to use for the research question. Why or why not?
3. As a lay reader, were you able to understand the results and their implications? Why or why not?

The selected quantitative article for this week's discussion is a study executed by Salehi, M., & Arianpoor, A. (2021). The study focused on identifying business sustainability performance indicators and investigated the mutual relationship between various components related to business sustainability.

Saheli and Arianpoor (2021) conducted a data collection method using a questionnaire and the Delphi method. After the data collection, statistical tests were carried out according to the following:

1. The analyses of the reliability of the questionnaire were done by using Cronbach's alpha coefficient.
2. The confirmatory factor analysis and other required tests were conducted: the binomial test, one-sample t-test, one-sample Kolmogorov- Smirnov Test, and Kruskal-Wallis test.
3. The assessment for the relationship between dimensions and components of sustainability performance was conducted considering the correlation method. SPSS 24 and Smart-Pls 3 Software were used.

The authors used the t-test to assess the validity of the structural model that analyzes the data obtained from the questionnaire. Therefore, the confirmatory factor analysis was executed, which shows that the more the factor load is closer to 1, the stronger the relationship (Saheli & Arianpoor, 2021). The binomial tests were used to analyze the questionnaire's answers, which were given an agreement or disagreement (Saheli & Arianpoor, 2021). The one-sample t-test investigated the range of the agreement or disagreement of each question's subject. The one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is used to test the uniformity and non-uniformity of the sample distribution(Saheli & Arianpoor, 2021). The authors also used the Kruskal-Wallis test, a nonparametric method and an alternative to Anova (Saheli & Arianpoor, 2021). The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to recognize the similarity and dissimilarity of the answers obtained from different experts (Saheli & Arianpoor, 2021).

Using the different t-test for the study was an appropriate choice for the authors for several reasons. First, the development of questionnaires considers the indicators to be determined, which is done by the Delphi methods to achieve validity (Saheli & Arianpoor, 2021). Second, the various t-tests were used to analyze any possible differences, resulting in an accurate conclusion. The conclusion of this study shows a mutual relation between the variables, followed by several theoretical principles of the present study (Saheli & Arianpoor, 2021).

The authors displayed the data separately from each. The results of each test were discussed in a separate paragraph and presented in a table. The results were stand-alone because each test has a different aim and statistical components such as the T statistics, standard deviation, factor load, significant level, mean, and degree of freedom related to each indicator or description (Saheli & Arianpoor, 2021).

The authors presented a summary of the F² values, which presents the effect size. The effect size calculation was meaningful because it supported the statistical analyses to determine the strength of the effect between operational and research non-financial sustainability performance on non-financial sustainability performance, which is small (Saheli & Arianpoor, 2021). While the effect size for governance sustainability performance on financial sustainability performance is moderate (Saheli & Arianpoor, 2021). Financial sustainability performance on non-financial sustainability performance and non-financial sustainability performance on financial sustainability performance are considered strong effects (Saheli & Arianpoor, 2021). Determining the effect size helps the researcher execute further examination in conducting a meta-analysis to synthesize findings from multiple studies (Denson & Seltzer, 2011).