Management by Objectives $($MBO$)$ is a performance management approach that aims to align individual goals with organizational objectives. It is a systematic and collaborative approach that involves setting specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time$-$bound $($SMART$)$ objectives, as well as monitoring and evaluating progress towards achieving them. MBO was popularized by Peter Drucker in the $1950$s and has since become a widely used approach in many organizations.

One case study that demonstrates the effectiveness of MBO is the implementation of the approach in a manufacturing company called ABC Inc. The company had been facing several challenges, including low productivity, high employee turnover, and low customer satisfaction. The management team realized that the company's performance was suffering due to the lack of clear direction and goals for employees. Therefore, they decided to implement MBO to improve performance and achieve better results.

The first step in implementing MBO was to define the company's overall goals and objectives. The management team identified that the company's primary objectives were to increase productivity, reduce employee turnover, and improve customer satisfaction. They also established specific targets for each objective, such as increasing productivity by $20\%,$ reducing employee turnover by $30\%,$ and improving customer satisfaction ratings by $25\%.$

Next, the management team involved employees in the goal$-$setting process. They held meetings with employees to discuss the company's goals and objectives and encouraged them to set individual goals that aligned with the company's objectives. Employees were asked to set SMART goals and submit them to their supervisors for review. Once the goals were set, the management team provided employees with the necessary resources and support to achieve their objectives.$$

The implementation of MBO in ABC Inc. and your recommendations will demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach in improving organizational performance. By setting clear and specific objectives, involving employees in the goal$-$setting process, and monitoring progress towards achieving the objectives, organizations can align individual goals with organizational objectives and achieve better results. MBO is a collaborative and systematic approach that can be applied to any organization, regardless of size or industry, to improve performance and achieve success.