Management The classification of various products from the same process into joint products and by-products depends upon the relative importance of the products and their value of the various end-products are almost equal in importance and their value is also more or less the same, they may be identified as joint products. But, if one end-product has greater importance and higher value and the other products are of less importance and rather of low value, the latter may be classified as by-products. It may be noted that the value of some endproducts may be so insignificant as that they may be classified as waste or scrap. Thus by-products are distinguished from joint products and waste or scrap only in respect of degree of importance and value. Joint products are produced simultaneously but the by-products are produced incidentally in addition to the main product

1 Which haematogenous infections (bacterial, fungal and protozoal) can give rise to positive findings in the urine? What are the appropriate microbiological investigations for each infection?

2 Could you please explain the term 'zoonosis'.

3 What are soil transmitters?

4 Please explain the difference between bacteraemia and septicaemia. Can the presence of toxins, fungi or viruses in the blood also be called septicaemia?

5 I want to know about the safety of antibiotics used in pregnancy in different trimesters.

6 What are the uses and the side-effects of the antibiotic lincomycin?

7 I have a question that keeps troubling me. Is there any drug taken orally that prevents penicillin hypersensitivity reactions?

8 Is there any replacement intravenous antibiotic for those patients who have hypersensitivity to penicillin?

9 Is it correct to perform an intradermal skin sensitivity test before administering penicillin or a cephalosporin?

10 Why are antibiotics not allowed in the treatment of rotaviruses?