Manipulation can have many different usages within data analytics and marketing. Within the lecture on data systems, I discussed manipulation as an example of when analytics practices can cross an ethical line. Which of the following is the best description of manipulation in this context?

Question $11$Answer

a$.$

When a business uses its advertising or other promotional activities to get potential customers to believe something about the business' products.

b$.$

When a researcher changes data so that the results better fit with their prior beliefs or expectations.

c$.$

When a customer would make a decision differently if they knew how their data was collected or used.

d$.$

When a business lies about the features or availability of a product in order to coerce customers into making certain purchases.