Many animals, including humans, tend to avoid direct eye contact and even patterns that look like eyes.Some insects, including moths, have evolved eye-spot patterns on their wings to help ward off predators.Scaefe (1976) reports a study examining how eye-spot patterns affect the behavior of birds.In the study, the birds were tested in a box with two chambers and were free to move from one chamber to another.In one chamber, two large eye-spots were painted on one wall.The other chamber had plain walls.The researcher recorded the amount of time each bird spent in the plain chamber during a 60-minute session.

A group of students in an experimental psychology course decide to replicate the experiment.Here is their data (in minutes):

32.31 34.21 33.14 37.48

23.71 25.51 28.63 39.88

37.28 38.48 31.5 28.87

16.59 39.98 38.48 35.57

30.1

Using SPSS (or some other statistical package), run the appropriate hypothesis test (with

=

0.05

) to assess the claim that the birds will spend more than half of the time in the chamber with the plain wall.

Calculate the Effect Size

Provide the following sample statistics and calculte the effect size:

(1a)What is the sample mean?

M =

32.454

(1b)What is the difference between the sample and hypothesized means?

M

=

(1c)What is the sample standard deviation?

SD =

6.4056

(1d)What is the effect size?

d =

Effect sizes can be reported to 1d.p.

Conduct the Hypothesis Test

Provide the following requested information to conduct the hypothesis test:

(2a)What is the test statistic for this test?

t =

(2b)What is the P-value provided in the SPSS output?

Note:SPSS always reports the P-value for a 2-tailed test.

p =

(report accurate to 4d.p.)

(2c)What is the appropriate P-value for this test?

p =

(report accurate to 4d.p.)

Note:While this problem references SPSS, SPSS is NOT needed to answer these questions.However, it is important to know how the statistical software package your might be using does report the P-values.

Interpret the Hypothesis Test Results

Answer the following to interpret the findings:

(3a)This test statistic (and corresponding p-value) leads to a decision to...

fail to reject the null

reject the alternative

reject the null

accept the null

(3b)As such, the final conclusion is that...

There is sufficient evidence to warrant rejection of the claim that the birds spend more time in the chamber with the plain walls.

There is not sufficient evidence to warrant rejection of the claim that the birds spend more time in the chamber with the plain walls.

There is not sufficient sample evidence to support the claim that the birds spend more time in the chamber with the plain walls.

The sample data support the claim that the birds spend more time in the chamber with the plain walls.