Markus Co$.$ is a manufacturing firm. Markus Co$.\text{'}$s current value of operations, including debt and equity, is estimated to be $$35$ million. Markus Co$.$ has

$$14$ million face$-$value zero coupon debt that is due in two years. The risk$-$free rate is $5\%,$ and the volatility of companies similar to Markus Co$.$ is

$60\%.$ Markus Co$.\text{'}$s performance has not been very good as compared to previous years. Because the company has debt, it will repay its loan, but the

company has the option of not paying equity holders. The ability to make the decision of whether to pay or not looks very much like an option.

Based on your understanding of the Black$-$Scholes option pricing model $($OPM$),$ calculate the following values and complete the table. $($Note: Use

$2\mathrm{.}7183$ as the approximate value of e in your calculations. Also, do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answers to two decimal places.$)$

Markus Co$.$ Value $($Millions of dollars$)$

Equity value

Debt value

Debt yield

Markus Co$.\text{'}$s management is implementing a risk management strategy to reduce its volatility. Complete the following table, assuming that the goal is

to reduce Markus Co$.\text{'}$s volatility to $30\%.$

Markus Co$.$ Goal $($Millions of dollars$)$

Equity value at $30\%$ volatility

Debt value at $30\%$ volatility

Debt yield at $30\%$ volatility

Complete the following sentence, assuming that Markus Co$.\text{'}$s risk management strategy is successful:

If its risk management strategy is successful and Markus Co$.$ can reduce its volatility, the value of Markus Co$.\text{'}$s debt will

$,,$ and the value

of its stock will