Match the following strategy for undermining science with the example given below. An answer may be used more than once, but there is only one answer per item (for instance. 12, E). Type only the item number and letter. (10 points)

1. Third party technique (in general) for promoting ones interests
2. Edward Bernays techniques that improves upon the third-party technique.
3. Argument strategy used to obstruct cases alleging suspected cause of harm.
4. Peter Sandmans image adjustment strategy for dealing with public outrage.
5. Strategies for preventing investigative reporting about (health or any) issues.
6. The lobbying for lethargy strategy.
7. The use of euphemisms---words or phrases that neutralize or make a harmful act seem better.
8. Potemkin strategy (create an actual event that conveys all is well when it is not)

1. A paper industry creates an institute to study the risks of dioxin (a toxin derived from paper) to health called Healthy environment Foundation.

Monsantos attorneys sent a letter to FOX news agency threatening to sue in court if they air a report on the health effects of hormones in milk products.

3. The Global Climate Coalition aggressively lobbies and publishes claims that counter advocates of global warming by raising concern about unemployment.

4. In the 1800s mercury was established as a neurotoxin even at the lowest doses. For the past century the American Dental Association (ADA) has argued that mercury amalgam fillings do not present a health risk, because the mercury cannot leach out of the amalgam. Studies eventually established that amalgams do leak. The ADA then admitted that the amalgams leak, but claimed mercury is not a risk, because mercury cannot cross the blood brain barrier. Now the ADA admits that mercury can cross the blood brain barrier, but still claims there is no risk for people who already have them. Today, the ADA suggests that pregnant women and children should not be exposed to mercury amalgam fillings, unless the patient cannot afford to pay the difference between the expensive alternative filling and the mercury fillings that the health insurance will pay for.

5. The coal industry established a foundation to study the effects of increasing CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere on the environmentin particular on the growth of trees used for forest products. They sent a press release to the Wall Street Journal reporting that CO2 is a plant food and that global warming will green the planet and improve agricultural output.

6. During the 2004 Presidential campaign a documentary film aired in swing states and in North Carolina, which provided evidence to support the claim that tort reform is needed (i) to reduce the high cost of health care and (ii) to prevent good doctors from being driven out of the medical field due to frivolous malpractice law suits. The evidence presented consists in an interview with a doctor who has migrated from state to state as a result of lawsuits and with several patients who say they dont know what they will do if doctors are not available to treat their illnesses. The interviewer appeared as an investigative reporter reporting news, but an insurance lobby promoting tort reform produced the report. [Tort reform would make it harder for injured people to sue and would set limits on damages.]

7. In the 1960s, the lead industry tried to have a scientist fired from CalTech after his research indicated that leaded gasoline posed serious health risk to public health. The lead industry funded other scientists research, which did not show serious health risks, and argued that the CalTech scientist used faulty scientific methods.

8. Many people were outraged by the Bush administrations environmental policy, which has reduced penalties for air and water pollution and cut funding for enforcement. The president, his cabinet members, and news and talk show participants lobbied the American public that such people are pessimistic and focus on the negative to the exclusion of the benefits the policies have produced.

9. Mao Zedong, the leader of China, adopted Lysenkos Lamarkian theory of biological evolution and declared Darwinian theory false. When grain did not obey Lysenkos theory and famine ensued, Mao punished farmers, because he also believed anyone could do anything if they tried hard enough. To avoid punishment, farmers planted crops close together (as Lysenkos theory dictated that this would increase yield). So, the road Mao traveled always matched his expectations; even though the closely spaced crops were maintained by transplanting grain from far awayas grain tends to rot and die when too closely spaced. What strategy did the farmers use?

10. The Wall Street Journal prints a press release from Merck (a pharmaceutical corporation), which announces a new product and its benefits to health. The story is picked up by other news agencies and is given coverage on the evening television news.