Module $19-$ Multiple Choice $-$ Select the best answer from those provided.

$3$ points

Prior to the process of normalization, a database is designed assuming everything is stored in one large flat file. Flat file structures, despite their simplicity and utility in data analysis, exhibit several inherent limitations that can hinder efficient data storage and maintenance. While the consolidation of data in flat files facilitates comparative analysis of variables, this very characteristic can lead to complications as data volume grows and as data management needs become more complex.

In this state $($a flat file structure$),$ the data is at risk of which of the following?

$($a$)$ An update anomaly, which occurs when an attribute $($such as an address$)$ is updated for one record but not for another due to oversight.

$($b$)$ A query anomaly, which occurs when the system cannot answer a specific query because too many records exist $($e$.$g$.$ record redundancy$).$

$($c$)$ A delete anomaly, which occurs when the deletion of a single record produces un$$ntended consequences $($e$.$g$.$ deleting all information for a customer$).$

Both anomalies $($a$)$ and $($b$)$ are a risk.

Both anomalies $($a$)$ and $($c$)$ are a risk.

Both anomalies $($b$)$ and $($c$)$ are a risk.

All three anomalies are a risk.