Multinational companies Copyright by Glo Bus Software Ite. Copyng, distributing, or Qrd party website posting sexpressly prohibited and continuten copyright violation o that forbid the payment of bribes and kickbacks in their codes of ethical conduct and that are serious about enforcing this prohibition are acting in accord with the principles of the school of ethical universalism and are rejecting the principles underlying the school of ethical relativism. that wish to be respectful of local customs and ethical standards should give company personnel sufficient wiggle room to pay bribes and kickbacks in those countries where the payment of bribes and kickbacks are customary and to forbid the payment of bribes and kickbacks in those countries where they are considered unethical or illegal. o face a real dilemma in basing their standards of what is ethical and what is unethical on the principle of ethical universalism because it is much better and easier for them to operate with multiple sets of ethical standards (sometimes one for each country, so as to be respectful and accommodative of local customs and traditions). operating in countries where ethical standards vary considerably from country to country quickly find themselves on a slippery slope with no locally credible guiding moral authority if they insist on having a single companywide code of ethical standards that applies to all company personnel in all countries where the company operates. are well advised to rely upon the principle of ethical relativism for guidance in how to conduct their activities because it is far more sensible for a multinational company to take the position that it is ethically okay for company personnel to pay bribes and kickbacks in countries where such payments are customary but that it is not ethically permissible for company personnel to pay bribes and kickbacks in those countries where bribes and kickbacks are considered unethical or illegal. According to the school of ethical universalism, Copyright by Glo-Bus Software. Inc. Copyro datributing or 3rd party websito ponting lonxpressly prohibited and constitutes copyright violation O if the payment of bribes/kickbacks is legal in a particular country, then it is ethical for a company to pay bribes/kickbacks in conducting its business activities in that country, no matter what the legality of paying bribes/kickbacks happens to be in other countries. if the payment of bribes/kickbacks is acceptable in a particular culture/society/country, then it is ethical for a company to pay bribes/kickbacks in conducting its business activities in that culture/society/country. whether the payment of bribes/kickbacks is ethically acceptable or not hinges upon the ethical standards that each industry establishes for its member businesses. Othere are ample moral and ethical grounds for disagreeing with the ethical relativism principle that the payment of bribes and kickbacks is permissible in those countries and situations where it is the local custom to engage in such payments. O it is up to each businessperson to set his/her own standards for deciding whether the payment of bribes/kickbacks is ethically acceptable or not. According to the school of ethical relativism, Copyright by Glo-Bun Software, Inc. Copying, distributing or 3rd party website posting expressly prohibited and constitutes copyright violation o the standards of what is ethically right and wrong are inherently subjective and can be interpreted in a variety of ways--no one single interpretation is "more valid" or "correct" than any other interpretation. ethical standards are situation specific--whether an action or behavior should be deemed ethical or unethical hinges on the circumstances surrounding each particular situation, thus permitting the same action to be ethically permissible in one situation but not another due to differing situational circumstances. all ethical standards are relative, varying according to the differing collective convictions of each country's population about what should be ethically correct or incorrect. what is ethically permissible in a given country is determined by what is legal in that country- -because the laws are different from country-to-country the ethical standards are also different from country-to-country. while there are a few universal moral prescriptions--like being truthful and trustworthy--that apply in most every society and business circumstance, there are also observable variations in what societies generally agree to be ethically right and wrong due to differing religious beliefs, historic traditions and customs, core values and beliefs, and behavioral norms across countries and cultures. Multinational companies Copyright by Glo Bus Software Ite. Copyng, distributing, or Qrd party website posting sexpressly prohibited and continuten copyright violation o that forbid the payment of bribes and kickbacks in their codes of ethical conduct and that are serious about enforcing this prohibition are acting in accord with the principles of the school of ethical universalism and are rejecting the principles underlying the school of ethical relativism. that wish to be respectful of local customs and ethical standards should give company personnel sufficient wiggle room to pay bribes and kickbacks in those countries where the payment of bribes and kickbacks are customary and to forbid the payment of bribes and kickbacks in those countries where they are considered unethical or illegal. o face a real dilemma in basing their standards of what is ethical and what is unethical on the principle of ethical universalism because it is much better and easier for them to operate with multiple sets of ethical standards (sometimes one for each country, so as to be respectful and accommodative of local customs and traditions). operating in countries where ethical standards vary considerably from country to country quickly find themselves on a slippery slope with no locally credible guiding moral authority if they insist on having a single companywide code of ethical standards that applies to all company personnel in all countries where the company operates. are well advised to rely upon the principle of ethical relativism for guidance in how to conduct their activities because it is far more sensible for a multinational company to take the position that it is ethically okay for company personnel to pay bribes and kickbacks in countries where such payments are customary but that it is not ethically permissible for company personnel to pay bribes and kickbacks in those countries where bribes and kickbacks are considered unethical or illegal. According to the school of ethical universalism, Copyright by Glo-Bus Software. Inc. Copyro datributing or 3rd party websito ponting lonxpressly prohibited and constitutes copyright violation O if the payment of bribes/kickbacks is legal in a particular country, then it is ethical for a company to pay bribes/kickbacks in conducting its business activities in that country, no matter what the legality of paying bribes/kickbacks happens to be in other countries. if the payment of bribes/kickbacks is acceptable in a particular culture/society/country, then it is ethical for a company to pay bribes/kickbacks in conducting its business activities in that culture/society/country. whether the payment of bribes/kickbacks is ethically acceptable or not hinges upon the ethical standards that each industry establishes for its member businesses. Othere are ample moral and ethical grounds for disagreeing with the ethical relativism principle that the payment of bribes and kickbacks is permissible in those countries and situations where it is the local custom to engage in such payments. O it is up to each businessperson to set his/her own standards for deciding whether the payment of bribes/kickbacks is ethically acceptable or not. According to the school of ethical relativism, Copyright by Glo-Bun Software, Inc. Copying, distributing or 3rd party website posting expressly prohibited and constitutes copyright violation o the standards of what is ethically right and wrong are inherently subjective and can be interpreted in a variety of ways--no one single interpretation is "more valid" or "correct" than any other interpretation. ethical standards are situation specific--whether an action or behavior should be deemed ethical or unethical hinges on the circumstances surrounding each particular situation, thus permitting the same action to be ethically permissible in one situation but not another due to differing situational circumstances. all ethical standards are relative, varying according to the differing collective convictions of each country's population about what should be ethically correct or incorrect. what is ethically permissible in a given country is determined by what is legal in that country- -because the laws are different from country-to-country the ethical standards are also different from country-to-country. while there are a few universal moral prescriptions--like being truthful and trustworthy--that apply in most every society and business circumstance, there are also observable variations in what societies generally agree to be ethically right and wrong due to differing religious beliefs, historic traditions and customs, core values and beliefs, and behavioral norms across countries and cultures