Multiple Choice

11. _____refers to the idea that decision makers are constrained by a variety of factors.

• Bounded rationality
• Optimizing
• Logrolling
• Retrospective framing
• Escalation of commitment

12.

Because of extensive media coverage of wild fires in the west we could easily be influenced by the ______.

• availability bias
• anchoring bias
• escalation of commitment bias
• polarization bias
• overconfidence bias

13. The factor that has the greatest impact on ecalation of commitment is _____ .

• self-justification
• psychological determinants
• social determinants
• contextual determinants
• project characteristics

14.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of group-aided decision making?

• Greater pool of knowledge
• Increased acceptance
• Training ground
• All the options are advantages of group-aided dmking
• Logrolling

15.

The ________ tends to limit our information search to sources thatsupportparticular alternatives or points of view.

• confirmation bias
• hindsight bias
• None of these options are correct.
• overconfidence bias
• self-serving bias

16.

The ______model of decision making attempts to explain how problems, solutions, participants, and choice opportunities interact and lead to a decision.

• garbage can
• optimizing
• rational
• normative
• contract

17.

The advertising campaign with the catch phrase "I could have had a V-8"! is a good example of ____.

• self-fulfilling prophesy
• framing
• the representativeness bias
• escalation of commitment
• post-decision dissonance

18. According to our notes, _____ is not included in the list of benefits from having groups involved in decision making.

• greater pool of knowledge
• greater comprehension of the problem
• creates a training ground for inexperienced members
• more varied perspectives
• all the options are listed as benefits

19.

The tendency to stick to an ineffective course of action when it is unlikely that the bad situation can be reversed refers to ____.

• logrolling
• overconfidence bias
• escalation of commitment
• risky shift
• anchoring bias

20.

According to Daniel Kahneman, _____ models are more _____, while the ______ models are more ______ .

• system 2; descriptive; system 1; prescriptive
• system 2; accurate; system 1; satisfying
• system 1; individual oriented; system 2; group oriented
• system 1; mindless; system 2; mindful
• rational; descriptive; behavioral; prescriptive