Question: Mutations caused by: Spontaneous mutations (random errors in DNA replication) Induced mutations (environmental agents like radiation, chemicals) types: Point mutations Base-pair substitution Insertion Deletion Chromosome

Mutations caused by: Spontaneous mutations (random errors in DNA replication) Induced mutations (environmental agents like radiation, chemicals) types: Point mutations Base-pair substitution Insertion Deletion Chromosome mutations Non-disjunction Large deletions/insertions/inversions effects: Positive (e.g. lactose tolerance) Negative (e.g. sickle-cell anemia, Down syndrome) Neutral (no effect) passed on by: Body cells (not inherited) Sex cells/gametes (inherited by offspring)

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