n addition to constructing them as artificial languages $($such as Esperanto and Dothraki$)$ there are at least three ways in which new languages can arise:

$($i$)$ Spontaneously, based on home sign systems $($as in the case of Nicaraguan sign language$),($ii$)$ due to language splitting $($leading to language families$),$ and $($iii$)$ due to language merger $($i$.$e$.$ pidginization and creolization$)$

$($i$)$ Due to the development of a writing system, $($ii$)$ due to language merger $($i$.$e$.$ pidginization and creolization$),($iii$)$ due to language acquisition

$($i$)$ Spontaneously, $($ii$)$ due to language death, $($iii$)$ due to language m