Name Test 1 Test 2

Julie 4 5

Sam 8 8

Adrian 2 5

James 6 8

Ann 4 6

Rosemary is studying whether bird watchers become better at recognizing birds after they have studied birdsongs. She test 5 bird watchers on their ability to recognize 10 different birds, then has them study birdsongs, and then tests the bird watchers on 10 new birds. She finds the following scores (where each bird watcher gets a score out of 10).

How many degrees of freedom are there in this design?

a. 1

b. 4

c. 5

d. 8