Ned was assigned recently to a large team working on a major software release that was taking longer than expected. Ned and the other late additions into the project spent a month partnered with a senior programmer who went over the project in detail with them and got them up to speed. Unfortunately, this training put the project even farther behind schedule. After a few months of working on the project with so many other programmers, Neds work output becomes noticeably lower than it was before when he was working independently.

________ is the loss of work time on the project due to Ned being added to the project late.

Process gain

Social loafing

Brooks's law

Authority dispersion

Team effectiveness