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What are the foundational theories that underpin civil engineering, and how do they inform the design, construction, and maintenance of infrastructure projects? Discuss the principles of structural analysis, material mechanics, fluid dynamics, and geotechnical engineering as they contribute to civil engineering theory. Explore how these theories are applied in various subfields such as transportation, environmental, and structural engineering. Consider the role of mathematical modeling, empirical data, and advancements in technology in refining and evolving these theoretical frameworks. Additionally, discuss the interdisciplinary nature of civil engineering and its integration with other scientific disciplines to address complex societal challenges and ensure sustainable development.