1. Network Effects:
   1. When network effects are present, the value of a product or service decreases as the number of users grow.
   2. Most products are subject to network effects.
   3. When network effects are present, the value of a product or service increases as the number of users grow.
   4. Tend to outstrip the promise and power of platforms.
2. Switching Costs:
   1. The cost a customer incurs when moving from one product to another.
   2. Weaken the value of network effects as a strategic asset.
   3. Are limited strictly to financial costs.
   4. The more frictions available to prevent users from migrating to a rival, the lower the switching costs.
3. Understanding Network Structure: which of the following is true?
   1. Messaging is considered a two-sided market.
   2. A network may not have both same-side and cross-side benefits.
   3. Video game console owners and developers of video games represent a one-sided market.
   4. When an increase in the number of users on one side of the market creates a rise on the other side.
4. Which of the following is not one of the ways one competes when network effects are prevalent and matter?
   1. Move Early. Being first enables a firm to start the network effects snowball rolling in a desirable direction.
   2. Subsidize Adoption. Offer price reductions, rebates, or other giveaways, to encourage adoption of a network.
   3. Limit Viral Promotion. Limiting viral promotion encourages expansion of network effects.
   4. Expand by Redefining the Market. Broadening, and re-shaping the market, can make firms more competitive when network effects are prevalent and matter.
5. Protocol:
   1. Often used interchangeably with Web Address. It identifies on the Internet.
   2. Enables communication by defining the format of data and rules for exchange.
   3. A security standard that creates an encrypted link between a web server and a browser.
   4. A language used to compose web pages.
6. Which of the following is false?
   1. Every device connected to the Internet has an Internet Protocol (IP) address.
   2. The Internet is a network of networks.
   3. A cache is a permanent storage space used to speed computing tasks.
   4. A Network Address Translation (NAT) is often used to conserve Internet Protocol (IP) addresses by mapping devices on a private network to a single Internet-connected device that acts on their behalf.
7. Amdahls Law:
   1. A systems speed is determined by its slowest component.
   2. A social phenomenon of customers cancelling or deferring orders for the current, soon-to-be-obsolete product as an unexpected drawback of a company announcing a future product prematurely.
   3. The notion that ones work will expand to fill the time available for its completion.
   4. Asserts that the value of a telecommunication network is proportional to the square of the number of connected users of the system.
8. Understanding Bandwidth: which of the following is false?
   1. There are eight bits in a byte.
   2. Bandwidth reflects network transmission speeds, and it is usually expressed in some form of bits per second (bps).
   3. A byte is eight characters.
   4. A systems speed is determined by the slowest component.
9. Same-Side Exchange Benefits:
   1. When an increase in the number of users on one side of the market creates a rise in the other side.
   2. Benefits derived by interaction among members of multiple classes of participants.
   3. Represented by the scenario where the exchange value increases as the number of instant messaging users increases.
   4. Benefits derived by interaction among members of a single class of participant.
10. Which of the following is false?
    1. The establishment of a dominant standard may encourage innovation within the standard.
    2. Unseating a firm that dominates with network effects can be extremely difficult, especially if the newcomer is not compatible with the established leader.
    3. An oligopoly is a market where there are many buyers but only one dominant seller.
    4. Switching costs are the costs a customer incurs when moving from one product to another.

11. Which of the following is true?
    1. Phishing and spear phishing are the same thing.
    2. Spearfishing attacks specifically target a given organization or group of users.
    3. Phishing is often used to describe the forging or disguising of the origin or identity of an email
    4. Hack is a term that is used solely to describe breaking into a computer system.