Now let's calculate the results using the paired - samples T-test using your phone calculators. Insert each calculation into an appropriate step. Step-by-Step Guide: Paired-Samples t-Test Instructions: Please use a separate piece of paper to perform the calculations, and then just submit the result of the calculation into the appropriate step. Step 1. State Hypotheses H: There is no mean difference between the two conditions (D = 0). H: There is a mean difference (D 0 for two-tailed, D > 0 or D < 0 for one-tailed). Step 2. Calculate the Difference Scores For each participant, compute the difference between the two measurements: D = X_after, X_before, X_after,: score of participant i in the second condition X_before,: score of participant i in the first condition D: difference score for participant i Step 3. Compute the Mean Difference D = D / n D: average difference across participants n: number of participants Step 4. Compute the Standard Deviation of the Differences s_D = sqrt((D D) / (n1)) s_D: standard deviation of the difference scores (D D): deviation of each participant's difference from the mean difference Step 5. Compute the Standard Error of the Mean Difference SE = s_D / n SE: standard error (an estimate of how much the sample mean difference would vary if you repeated the study many times) s_D: standard deviation of differences n: number of participants Step 6. Compute the t Statistic t = D / SE t: test statistic used to compare against the critical value in the t-distribution D: mean difference SE: standard error of the mean difference Step 7. Degrees of Freedom df = n 1 df: degrees of freedom (number of participants minus one) Step 8. Compare to Critical Value Look up the critical t value (t_crit) for your chosen significance level (e.g., = 0.05) and df in the t-distribution table. If |t| > t_crit, reject H. Step 9. Report in APA Style Format: t(df) = value, p < .05, d = effect size