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KEY CONCEPTS administrative principles big data analytics bureaucratic organizations centralization contingency factors contingency decentralization effectiveness efficiency Hawthorne Studies level of analy mechanist open ystem OL social bus Social media pe stakeholder stakeholder approach structural dimensions sustainability task organiza role DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1. What is the definition of organization? Briefly explain each part of the definition as you understand it. 2. Describe some ways in which social business has influ enced or affected an organization with which you are familiar, such as your college or university, a local re- tailer or restaurant, a volunteer organization, a club to which you belong, or even your family. Can you iden- tify both positive and negative aspects of this influence? 2 A handful of companies on the Fortune 500 list_ are more than 100 years old, which is rare. What Id, which is rare. What organizational characteristics do you think might ex- plain 100-year longevity? 4. Can an organization be efficient without being effec- tive? Can an inefficient organization still be an effective one? Explain your answers. 5. What is the difference between formalization and spe cialization? Do you think an organization high on one dimension would also be high on the other? Discuss. 6. What does contingency mean? What are the imali tions of contingency theory for managers