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$1.$ Programmed I$/$O $($Input$/$Output$)$ is a fundamental I$/$O technique used in operating systems to facilitate

communication between the central processing unit $($CPU$)$ and peripheral devices. Operating systems play a

crucial role in managing Programmed I$/$O operations, as they need to coordinate and control the interaction

between the CPU and various devices efficiently. How Programmed I$/$O is related to operating systems?

Discuss in terms of device drivers, abstraction and standardization, resource management, Performance

Optimization, and scheduling $(1$pts$)$