On what grounds did Thomas Jefferson and James Madison oppose the Alien and Sedition Acts?

a$.)$

They believed the acts were designed to favor the working class at the expense of the rich.

b$.)$

They believed the acts explicitly criminalized the formation of political parties.

c$.)$

They believed the acts violated the First Amendment right to free speech.

d$.)$

They believed the acts violated the separation of church and state.