One fundamental aspect is understanding how different loads, such as gravity, wind, and seismic forces, affect structures. Engineers employ various analytical methods, including equilibrium equations and structural models, to predict and assess the behavior of materials under these loads. By considering factors like material properties, geometry, and support conditions, they determine the internal forces, stresses, and deformations within the structure. This theoretical foundation enables engineers to design robust and resilient structures that meet safety standards and endure environmental conditions effectively.