One of the arguments for affirmative action programs is based on compensatory justice. This is the view that

a$.$

affirmative action is necessary to justify quotas that guarantee a specific number of jobs to minority applicants.

b$.$

affirmative action is necessary to ensure there are bilingual applicants for each professional position.

c$.$

affirmative action is necessary to we have an obligation to do something to help repair the wrongs of the past: Affirmative action in employment is one sound way to do this.

d$.$

affirmative action is no longer needed.