Only need b.

a) Discuss the reason that randomization can defeat the attack. b) Assume only the low 16 bits of the stack address is randomized. What is the probability that an exploiting packet can compromise the server? Assume an attacker can send 10 exploiting packets every second. How long can the attacker compromise the server? c) Discuss the reason that exec-shield can defeat the attack. d) Discuss if exec-shield prevents stack overflow. If not, what attack can be achieved