Organizational Behavior May 27, 2019 1 Chapter 4 Multiple Choice Questions and True and False Questions Instructions: Please make sure you answer these questions carefully as you will not have a second chance once they are graded. TRUE-FALSE QUESTIONS 1. The effects of reinforcements on desired behaviors are the major focuses of operant conditioning. a. True b. False 2. A major criticism of classical conditioning is that it does not explain any aspect of total human learning. a. True b. False 3. A relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience is a definition of learning. a. True b. False 4. A habit is an internal state of disequilibrium; it is a felt need. a. True b. False 5. Social learning theory has four central elements: attention, retention, reproduction, and incentives. a. True b. False 6. Presenting someone with an attractive outcome following a desired behavior is considered negative reinforcement. a. True b. False 7. Motivation is largely an external phenomenon. a. True b. False 8. Seeking to avoid an unpleasant condition or outcome by following an undesired behavior refers to avoidance learning. a. True b. False 9. The belief that desired behavior will decline as a result of a lack of positive reinforcement is suggested by extinction. a. True b. False 10. Bringing about the desired response from the employee is the focus of positive reinforcement.

Organizational Behavior May 27, 2019 2 a. True b. False 11. The fixed-ratio schedule is when the reward is administered only upon the completion of a given number of desired responses. a. True b. False 12. A performance audit can be done once acceptable behavioral criteria have been specified. a. True b. False 13. The process of improving performance all at once is shaping. a. True b. False 14. A learning approach that relies on the individual to take the initiative in controlling the change process is behavioral self-management. a. True b. False 15. When people use self-reinforcement, they try to associate verbal or visual stimuli with the problem. a. True b. False 16. Self-reinforcement requires three conditions be met to ensure effectiveness, according to Bandura. a. True b. False Multiple Choice 1. According to ______ law of effect, behavior that is rewarded is less likely to be repeated, whereas behavior that is punished is unlikely to be repeated. A. Upjohn's B. Hiller's C. Thorndike's D. Humboldt's E. Skinner's 2. Which of the following defines the process whereby a stimulus-response bond is developed between a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response through the repeated linking of a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus? A. Avoidance learning B. Classical conditioning C. Behavior modification D. Operant conditioning

Organizational Behavior May 27, 2019 3 E. Vicarious learning 3. Which of the following measures the effects of reinforcements, or rewards, on desired behaviors? A. Avoidance learning B. Classical conditioning C. Behavior modification D. Operant conditioning E. Vicarious learning 4. Which of the following states that of several responses made to the same situation, those that are accompanied or closely followed by satisfaction (reinforcement) will be more likely to occur; those that are accompanied or closely followed by discomfort (punishment) will be less likely to occur? A. Avoidance learning B. Classical conditioning C. Behavior modification D. Law of effect